¡¶aeroplanes¡·

ÏÂÔر¾Êé

Ìí¼ÓÊéÇ©

aeroplanes- µÚ17²¿·Ö


°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡

for¡¡this¡¡purpose¡¡it¡¡would¡¡be¡¡convenient¡¡to¡¡make

the¡¡plane¡¡E¡¡exactly¡¡one¡¡foot¡¡square¡£



DETERMINING¡¡THE¡¡PRESSURE¡¡FROM¡¡THE¡¡SPEED¡£

These¡¡two¡¡instruments¡¡can¡¡be¡¡made¡¡to¡¡check¡¡each

other¡¡and¡¡thus¡¡pretty¡¡accurately¡¡enable¡¡you¡¡to

determine¡¡the¡¡proper¡¡places¡¡to¡¡mark¡¡the¡¡pressure

indicator£»¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡to¡¡make¡¡the¡¡wheels¡¡in¡¡the

anemometer¡¡the¡¡proper¡¡size¡¡to¡¡turn¡¡the¡¡pointer

in¡¡seconds¡¡when¡¡the¡¡wind¡¡is¡¡blowing¡¡at¡¡a¡¡certain

speed£»¡¡say¡¡ten¡¡miles¡¡per¡¡hour¡£



Suppose¡¡the¡¡air¡¡pressure¡¡indicator¡¡has¡¡the¡¡scale

divided¡¡into¡¡quarter¡¡pound¡¡marks¡£¡¡This¡¡will

make¡¡it¡¡accurate¡¡enough¡¡for¡¡all¡¡purposes¡£



CALCULATING¡¡PRESSURES¡¡FROM¡¡SPEED¡£The¡¡following

table¡¡will¡¡give¡¡the¡¡pressures¡¡from¡¡5¡¡to¡¡100

miles¡¡per¡¡hour£º



Velocity¡¡of¡¡wind¡¡in¡¡Pressure¡¡¡¡¡¡Velocity¡¡of¡¡wind¡¡in¡¡¡¡Pressure

miles¡¡per¡¡hour¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡per¡¡sq¡£¡¡ft¡£¡¡¡¡miles¡¡per¡¡hour¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡per¡¡sq¡¡ft

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡5¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£112¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡55¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡15¡£125

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡10¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£500¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡60¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡18¡£000

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡15¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡1¡£125¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡65¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡21¡£125

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡20¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡2¡£000¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡70¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡22¡£500

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡25¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡3¡£125¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡75¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡28¡£125

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡30¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡4¡£600¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡80¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡32¡£000

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡35¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡6¡£126¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡86¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡36¡£126

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡40¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡8¡£000¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡90¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡40¡£500

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡45¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡10¡£125¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡95¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡45¡£125

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡50¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡12¡£5¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡100¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡50¡£000





HOW¡¡THE¡¡FIGURES¡¡ARE¡¡DETERMINED¡£The¡¡foregoing

figures¡¡are¡¡determined¡¡in¡¡the¡¡following¡¡manner£º

As¡¡an¡¡example¡¡let¡¡us¡¡assume¡¡that¡¡the¡¡velocity

of¡¡the¡¡wind¡¡is¡¡forty¡­five¡¡miles¡¡per¡¡hour¡£¡¡If

this¡¡is¡¡squared£»¡¡or¡¡45¡¡multiplied¡¡by¡¡45£»¡¡the¡¡product

is¡¡2025¡£¡¡In¡¡many¡¡calculations¡¡the¡¡mathematician

employs¡¡what¡¡is¡¡called¡¡a¡¡constant£»¡¡a¡¡figure¡¡that

never¡¡varies£»¡¡and¡¡which¡¡is¡¡used¡¡to¡¡multiply¡¡or

divide¡¡certain¡¡factors¡£



In¡¡this¡¡case¡¡the¡¡constant¡¡is¡¡5/1000£»¡¡or£»¡¡as¡¡usually

written£»¡¡¡£005¡£¡¡This¡¡is¡¡the¡¡same¡¡as¡¡one¡¡two¡¡hundredths

of¡¡the¡¡squared¡¡figure¡£¡¡That¡¡would¡¡make

the¡¡problem¡¡as¡¡follows£º



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡45¡¡X¡¡45¡¡=¡¡2025¡¡/¡¡200¡¡=¡¡10¡£125£»¡¡or£»

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡45¡¡X¡¡45¡¡¡­¡¡2025¡¡X¡¡¡£005¡¡=¡¡10¡£125¡£





Again£»¡¡twenty¡­five¡¡miles¡¡per¡¡hour¡¡would¡¡be

25¡¡X¡¡25¡¡=¡¡625£»¡¡and¡¡this¡¡multiplied¡¡by¡¡¡£005¡¡equals

2¡¡pounds¡¡pressure¡£



CONVERTING¡¡HOURS¡¡INTO¡¡MINUTES¡£It¡¡is¡¡sometimes

confusing¡¡to¡¡think¡¡of¡¡miles¡¡per¡¡hour£»¡¡when

you¡¡wish¡¡to¡¡express¡¡it¡¡in¡¡minutes¡¡or¡¡seconds¡£¡¡A

simple¡¡rule£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡not¡¡absolutely¡¡accurate£»¡¡but

is¡¡correct¡¡within¡¡a¡¡few¡¡feet£»¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡express

the¡¡speed¡¡in¡¡feet¡¡per¡¡minute£»¡¡is¡¡to¡¡multiply¡¡the

figure¡¡indicating¡¡the¡¡miles¡¡per¡¡hour£»¡¡by¡¡8¡¡3/4¡£



To¡¡illustrate£º¡¡If¡¡the¡¡wind¡¡is¡¡moving¡¡at¡¡the

rate¡¡of¡¡twenty¡¡miles¡¡an¡¡hour£»¡¡it¡¡will¡¡travel¡¡in¡¡that

time¡¡105£»600¡¡feet¡¡£¨5280¡¡X¡¡20£©¡£¡¡As¡¡there¡¡are¡¡sixty

minutes¡¡in¡¡an¡¡hour£»¡¡105£»600¡¡divided¡¡by¡¡60£»¡¡equals

1760¡¡feet¡¡per¡¡minute¡£¡¡Instead¡¡of¡¡going¡¡through

all¡¡this¡¡process¡¡of¡¡calculating¡¡the¡¡speed¡¡per¡¡minute£»

remember¡¡to¡¡multiply¡¡the¡¡speed¡¡in¡¡miles¡¡per

hour¡¡by¡¡90£»¡¡which¡¡will¡¡give¡¡1800¡¡feet¡£



This¡¡is¡¡a¡¡little¡¡more¡¡then¡¡two¡¡per¡¡cent¡£¡¡above

the¡¡correct¡¡figure¡£¡¡Again£»¡¡40¡¡X¡¡90¡¡equals¡¡3600¡£

As¡¡the¡¡correct¡¡figure¡¡is¡¡3520£»¡¡a¡¡little¡¡mental¡¡calculation

will¡¡enable¡¡you¡¡to¡¡correct¡¡the¡¡figures¡¡so

as¡¡to¡¡get¡¡it¡¡within¡¡a¡¡few¡¡feet¡£



CHANGING¡¡SPEED¡¡HOURS¡¡TO¡¡SECONDS¡£As¡¡one¡­

sixtieth¡¡of¡¡the¡¡speed¡¡per¡¡minute¡¡will¡¡represent¡¡the

rate¡¡of¡¡movement¡¡per¡¡second£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡a¡¡comparatively

easy¡¡matter¡¡to¡¡convert¡¡the¡¡time¡¡from¡¡speed¡¡in

miles¡¡per¡¡hour¡¡to¡¡fraction¡¡of¡¡a¡¡mile¡¡traveled¡¡in

a¡¡second£»¡¡by¡¡merely¡¡taking¡¡one¡­half¡¡of¡¡the¡¡speed

in¡¡miles£»¡¡and¡¡adding¡¡it£»¡¡which¡¡will¡¡very¡¡nearly¡¡express

the¡¡true¡¡number¡¡of¡¡feet¡£



As¡¡examples£»¡¡take¡¡the¡¡following£º¡¡If¡¡the¡¡wind

is¡¡traveling¡¡20¡¡miles¡¡an¡¡hour£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡easy¡¡to¡¡take

one¡­half¡¡of¡¡20£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡10£»¡¡and¡¡add¡¡it¡¡to¡¡20£»¡¡making

30£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡number¡¡of¡¡feet¡¡per¡¡second¡£¡¡If¡¡the

wind¡¡travels¡¡50¡¡miles¡¡per¡¡hour£»¡¡add¡¡25£»¡¡making

75£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡speed¡¡per¡¡second¡£



The¡¡correct¡¡speed¡¡per¡¡second¡¡of¡¡a¡¡wind¡¡traveling

20¡¡miles¡¡an¡¡hour¡¡is¡¡a¡¡little¡¡over¡¡29¡¡feet¡£¡¡At

50¡¡miles¡¡per¡¡hour£»¡¡the¡¡correct¡¡figure¡¡is¡¡73¡¡1/3¡¡feet£»

which¡¡show¡¡that¡¡the¡¡figures¡¡under¡¡this¡¡rule¡¡are

within¡¡about¡¡one¡¡per¡¡cent¡£¡¡of¡¡being¡¡correct¡£



With¡¡the¡¡table¡¡before¡¡you¡¡it¡¡will¡¡be¡¡an¡¡easy

matter£»¡¡by¡¡observing¡¡the¡¡air¡¡pressure¡¡indicator£»

to¡¡determine¡¡the¡¡proper¡¡speed¡¡for¡¡the¡¡anemometer¡£

Suppose¡¡it¡¡shows¡¡a¡¡pressure¡¡of¡¡two¡¡pounds£»

which¡¡will¡¡indicate¡¡a¡¡speed¡¡of¡¡twenty¡¡miles¡¡an

hour¡£¡¡You¡¡have¡¡thus¡¡a¡¡fixed¡¡point¡¡to¡¡start¡¡from¡£



PRESSURE¡¡AS¡¡THE¡¡SQUARE¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡SPEED¡£Now

it¡¡must¡¡not¡¡be¡¡assumed¡¡that¡¡if¡¡the¡¡pressure¡¡at

twenty¡¡miles¡¡an¡¡hour¡¡is¡¡two¡¡pounds£»¡¡that¡¡forty

miles¡¡an¡¡hour¡¡it¡¡is¡¡four¡¡pounds¡£¡¡The¡¡pressure

is¡¡as¡¡the¡¡square¡¡of¡¡the¡¡speed¡£¡¡This¡¡may¡¡be¡¡explained

as¡¡follows£º¡¡As¡¡the¡¡speed¡¡of¡¡the¡¡wind

increases£»¡¡it¡¡has¡¡a¡¡more¡¡effective¡¡push¡¡against¡¡an

object¡¡than¡¡its¡¡rate¡¡of¡¡speed¡¡indicates£»¡¡and¡¡this

is¡¡most¡¡simply¡¡expressed¡¡by¡¡saying¡¡that¡¡each¡¡time

the¡¡speed¡¡is¡¡doubled¡¡the¡¡pressure¡¡is¡¡four¡¡times

greater¡£



As¡¡an¡¡example¡¡of¡¡this£»¡¡let¡¡us¡¡take¡¡a¡¡speed¡¡of¡¡ten

miles¡¡an¡¡hour£»¡¡which¡¡means¡¡a¡¡pressure¡¡of¡¡one¡­

half¡¡pound¡£¡¡Double¡¡this¡¡speed£»¡¡and¡¡we¡¡have¡¡20

miles¡£¡¡Multiplying¡¡one¡­half¡¡pound¡¡by¡¡4£»¡¡the¡¡result

is¡¡2¡¡pounds¡£¡¡Again£»¡¡double¡¡20£»¡¡which¡¡means

40¡¡miles£»¡¡and¡¡multiplying¡¡2¡¡by¡¡4£»¡¡the¡¡result¡¡is¡¡8¡£

Doubling¡¡forty¡¡is¡¡eighty¡¡miles¡¡an¡¡hour£»¡¡and¡¡again

multiplying¡¡8¡¡by¡¡4£»¡¡we¡¡have¡¡32¡¡as¡¡the¡¡pounds¡¡pressure

at¡¡a¡¡speed¡¡of¡¡80¡¡miles¡¡an¡¡hour¡£



The¡¡anemometer£»¡¡however£»¡¡is¡¡constant¡¡in¡¡its

speed¡£¡¡If¡¡the¡¡pointer¡¡should¡¡turn¡¡once¡¡a¡¡second

at¡¡10¡¡miles¡¡an¡¡hour£»¡¡it¡¡would¡¡turn¡¡twice¡¡at¡¡20¡¡miles

an¡¡hour£»¡¡and¡¡four¡¡times¡¡a¡¡second¡¡at¡¡40¡¡miles¡¡an

hour¡£



GYROSCOPIC¡¡BALANCE¡£Some¡¡advance¡¡has¡¡been

made¡¡in¡¡the¡¡use¡¡of¡¡the¡¡gyroscope¡¡for¡¡the¡¡purpose

of¡¡giving¡¡lateral¡¡stability¡¡to¡¡an¡¡aeroplane¡£¡¡While

the¡¡best¡¡of¡¡such¡¡devices¡¡is¡¡at¡¡best¡¡a¡¡makeshift£»

it¡¡is¡¡well¡¡to¡¡understand¡¡the¡¡principle¡¡on¡¡which¡¡they

operate£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡get¡¡an¡¡understanding¡¡how¡¡they¡¡are

applied¡£



THE¡¡PRINCIPLE¡¡INVOLVED¡£The¡¡only¡¡thing

known¡¡about¡¡the¡¡gyroscope¡¡is£»¡¡that¡¡it¡¡objects¡¡to

changing¡¡the¡¡plane¡¡of¡¡its¡¡rotation¡£¡¡This¡¡statement

must¡¡be¡¡taken¡¡with¡¡some¡¡allowance£»¡¡however£»

as£»¡¡when¡¡left¡¡free¡¡to¡¡move£»¡¡it¡¡will¡¡change¡¡in

one¡¡direction¡£



To¡¡explain¡¡this¡¡without¡¡being¡¡too¡¡technical£»¡¡examine

Fig¡£¡¡63£»¡¡which¡¡shows¡¡a¡¡gyroscopic¡¡top£»¡¡one

end¡¡of¡¡the¡¡rim¡¡A£»¡¡which¡¡supports¡¡the¡¡rotating

wheel¡¡B£»¡¡having¡¡a¡¡projecting¡¡finger¡¡C£»¡¡that¡¡is

mounted¡¡on¡¡a¡¡pin¡­point¡¡on¡¡the¡¡upper¡¡end¡¡of¡¡the

pedestal¡¡D¡£



_Fig¡£¡¡63¡£¡¡The¡¡Gyroscope¡£_



When¡¡the¡¡wheel¡¡B¡¡is¡¡set¡¡in¡¡rotation¡¡it¡¡will¡¡maintain

itself¡¡so¡¡that¡¡its¡¡axis¡¡E¡¡is¡¡horizontal£»¡¡or¡¡at

any¡¡other¡¡angle¡¡that¡¡the¡¡top¡¡is¡¡placed¡¡in¡¡when¡¡the

wheel¡¡is¡¡spun¡£¡¡If¡¡it¡¡is¡¡set¡¡so¡¡the¡¡axis¡¡is¡¡horizontal

the¡¡wheel¡¡B¡¡will¡¡rotate¡¡on¡¡a¡¡vertical¡¡plane£»

and¡¡it¡¡forcibly¡¡objects¡¡to¡¡any¡¡attempt¡¡to¡¡make¡¡it

turn¡¡except¡¡in¡¡the¡¡direction¡¡indicated¡¡by¡¡the

curved¡¡arrows¡¡F¡£



The¡¡wheel¡¡B¡¡will¡¡cause¡¡the¡¡axis¡¡E¡¡to¡¡swing

around¡¡on¡¡a¡¡horizontal¡¡plane£»¡¡and¡¡this¡¡turning

movement¡¡is¡¡always¡¡in¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡direction¡¡in¡¡relation

to¡¡the¡¡turn¡¡of¡¡the¡¡wheel¡¡B£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡is¡¡obvious£»

therefore£»¡¡that¡¡to¡¡make¡¡a¡¡gyroscope¡¡that

will¡¡not¡¡move£»¡¡or¡¡swing¡¡around¡¡an¡¡axis£»¡¡the¡¡placing

of¡¡two¡¡such¡¡wheels¡¡side¡¡by¡¡side£»¡¡and¡¡rotated

in¡¡opposite¡¡directions£»¡¡will¡¡maintain¡¡them¡¡in¡¡a

fixed¡¡position£»¡¡this¡¡can¡¡also¡¡be¡¡accomplished¡¡by

so¡¡mounting¡¡the¡¡two¡¡that¡¡one¡¡rotates¡¡on¡¡a¡¡plane

at¡¡right¡¡angles¡¡to¡¡the¡¡other¡£



_Fig¡£¡¡64¡£¡¡Application¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Gyroscope¡£_



THE¡¡APPLICATION¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡GYROSCOPE¡£Without

in¡¡any¡¡manner¡¡showing¡¡the¡¡structural¡¡details¡¡of

the¡¡device£»¡¡in¡¡its¡¡application¡¡to¡¡a¡¡flying¡¡machine£»

except¡¡in¡¡so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡it¡¡may¡¡be¡¡necessary¡¡to¡¡explain

its¡¡operation£»¡¡we¡¡refer¡¡to¡¡Fig¡£¡¡64£»¡¡which

assumes¡¡that¡¡A¡¡represents¡¡the¡¡frame¡¡of¡¡the¡¡aeroplane£»

and¡¡B¡¡a¡¡frame¡¡for¡¡holding¡¡the¡¡gyroscopic

wheel¡¡C£»¡¡the¡¡latter¡¡being¡¡mounted¡¡so¡¡it¡¡rotates¡¡on

a¡¡horizontal¡¡plane£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡frame¡¡B¡¡being¡¡hinged

fore¡¡and¡¡aft£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡free¡¡to¡¡swing¡¡to¡¡the¡¡right

or¡¡to¡¡the¡¡left¡£



For¡¡convenience¡¡in¡¡explaining¡¡the¡¡action£»¡¡the

planes¡¡E¡¡are¡¡placed¡¡at¡¡right¡¡angles¡¡to¡¡their¡¡regular

positions£»¡¡F¡¡being¡¡the¡¡forward¡¡margin¡¡of¡¡the

plane£»¡¡and¡¡G¡¡the¡¡rear¡¡edge¡£¡¡Wires¡¡H¡¡connect

the¡¡ends¡¡of¡¡the¡¡frame¡¡B¡¡with¡¡the¡¡respective

planes£»¡¡or¡¡ailerons£»¡¡E£»¡¡and¡¡another¡¡wire¡¡I¡¡joins

the¡¡downwardly¡­projecting¡¡arms¡¡of¡¡the¡¡two

ailerons£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡motion¡¡is¡¡transmitted¡¡to¡¡both¡¡at

the¡¡same¡¡time£»¡¡and¡¡by¡¡a¡¡positive¡¡motion¡¡in¡¡either

direction¡£



_Fig¡£¡¡65¡£¡¡Action¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Gyroscope¡£_



In¡¡the¡¡second¡¡figure£»¡¡65£»¡¡the¡¡frame¡¡of¡¡the¡¡aeroplane

is¡¡shown¡¡tilted¡¡at¡¡an¡¡angle£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡its¡¡right

side¡¡is¡¡elevated¡£¡¡As¡¡the¡¡gyroscopic¡¡wheel¡¡remains

level¡¡it¡¡causes¡¡the¡¡aileron¡¡on¡¡the¡¡right¡¡side¡¡to

change¡¡to¡¡a¡¡negative¡¡angle£»¡¡while¡¡at¡¡the¡¡same

time¡¡giving¡¡a¡¡positive¡¡angle¡¡to¡¡the¡¡aileron¡¡on¡¡the

left¡¡side£»¡¡which¡¡would£»¡¡as¡¡a¡¡result£»¡¡depress¡¡the

right¡¡side£»¡¡and¡¡bring¡¡the¡¡frame¡¡of¡¡the¡¡machine

back¡¡to¡¡a¡¡horizontal¡¡position¡£



FORE¡¡AND¡¡AFT¡¡GYROSCOPIC¡¡CONTROL¡£It¡¡is

obvious¡¡that¡¡the¡¡same¡¡application¡¡of¡¡this¡¡force¡¡may

be¡¡applied¡¡to¡¡control¡¡the¡¡ship¡¡fore¡¡and¡¡aft£»¡¡although

it¡¡is¡¡doubtful¡¡whether¡¡such¡¡a¡¡plan¡¡would

have¡¡any¡¡advantages£»¡¡since¡¡this¡¡should¡¡be¡¡wholly

within¡¡the¡¡control¡¡of¡¡the¡¡pilot¡£



Laterally¡¡the¡¡ship¡¡should¡¡not¡¡be¡¡out¡¡of¡¡balance£»

fore¡¡and¡¡aft¡¡this¡¡is¡¡a¡¡necessity£»¡¡and¡¡as¡¡the¡¡great

trouble¡¡with¡¡all¡¡aeroplanes¡¡is¡¡to¡¡control¡¡them

laterally£»¡¡it¡¡may¡¡well¡¡be¡¡doubted¡¡whether¡¡it¡¡would

add¡¡anything¡¡of¡¡value¡¡to¡¡the¡¡machine¡¡by¡¡having

an¡¡automatic¡¡fore¡¡and¡¡aft¡¡control£»¡¡which¡¡might£»

in¡¡emergencies£»¡¡counteract¡¡the¡¡personal¡¡control¡¡of

the¡¡operator¡£



ANGLE¡¡INDICATOR¡£In¡¡flight¡¡it¡¡is¡¡an¡¡exceedingly

difficult¡¡matter¡¡for¡¡the¡¡pilot¡¡to¡¡give¡¡an¡¡accurate

idea¡¡of¡¡the¡¡angle¡¡of¡¡the¡¡planes¡£¡¡If¡¡the¡¡air¡¡is

calm¡¡and¡¡he¡¡is¡¡moving¡¡over¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡course£»¡¡and

knows£»¡¡from¡¡experience£»¡¡what¡¡his¡¡speed¡¡is£»¡¡he¡¡may

be¡¡able¡¡to¡¡judge¡¡of¡¡this¡¡factor£»¡¡but¡¡he¡¡cannot¡¡tell

what¡¡changes¡¡take¡¡place¡¡under¡¡certain¡¡conditions

during¡¡the¡¡flight¡£



For¡¡this¡¡purpose¡¡a¡¡simple¡¡little¡¡indicator¡¡may

be¡¡provided£»¡¡shown¡¡in¡¡Fig¡£¡¡66£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡me
СÌáʾ£º°´ »Ø³µ [Enter] ¼ü ·µ»ØÊéÄ¿£¬°´ ¡û ¼ü ·µ»ØÉÏÒ»Ò³£¬ °´ ¡ú ¼ü ½øÈëÏÂÒ»Ò³¡£ ÔÞһϠÌí¼ÓÊéÇ©¼ÓÈëÊé¼Ü