if¡¡they¡¡were¡¡designed¡¡in¡¡any¡¡way¡¡to¡¡reveal¡¡the¡¡future¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡¡¡struggle¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡Christianity£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Paganism¡¡¡¡made¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡¡¡last¡¡¡¡¡¡stand¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
temples¡¡of¡¡Asklepios¡£¡¡The¡¡miraculous¡¡healing¡¡of¡¡the¡¡saints¡¡superseded¡¡the¡¡
cures¡¡of¡¡the¡¡heathen¡¡god£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡was¡¡wise¡¡to¡¡adopt¡¡the¡¡useful¡¡practice¡¡of¡¡his¡¡
temple¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§18£§¡¡¡¡¡¡Mary¡¡¡¡¡¡Hamilton£º¡¡¡¡¡¡Incubation£»¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Cure¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Disease¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡Pagan¡¡
Temples¡¡and¡¡Christian¡¡Churches£»¡¡London£»¡¡1906¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§19£§¡¡Freud£º¡¡The¡¡Interpretation¡¡of¡¡Dreams£»¡¡translation¡¡of¡¡third¡¡edition¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡48¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡49¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡EVOLUTION¡¡OF¡¡MODERN¡¡MEDICINE¡¡
by¡¡A¡£¡¡A¡£¡¡Brill£»¡¡1913¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§20£§¡¡¡¡Aristotle£º¡¡¡¡¡¡Parva¡¡¡¡¡¡Naturalia£»¡¡¡¡¡¡De¡¡¡¡¡¡divinatione¡¡¡¡¡¡per¡¡¡¡¡¡somnium£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Ch¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡I£»¡¡
Oxford¡¡ed¡££»¡¡Vol¡£¡¡III£»¡¡463¡¡a¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡HIPPOCRATES¡¡AND¡¡THE¡¡HIPPOCRATIC¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡WRITINGS¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡DESERVEDLY¡¡the¡¡foundation¡¡of¡¡Greek¡¡Medicine¡¡is¡¡associated¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡name¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Hippocrates£»¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡native¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡island¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Cos£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡yet¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡
shadowy¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡personality£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡about¡¡¡¡¡¡whom¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡little¡¡¡¡accurate¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡first¡hand¡¡
information¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡This¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡strong¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡contrast¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡some¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡distinguished¡¡
contemporaries¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡successors£»¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡example£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Plato¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡Aristotle£»¡¡¡¡¡¡about¡¡
whom¡¡we¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡such¡¡full¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡accurate¡¡knowledge¡£¡¡You¡¡¡¡¡¡will£»¡¡perhaps£»¡¡be¡¡
surprised¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡hear¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡only¡¡¡¡¡¡contemporary¡¡¡¡¡¡mention¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Hippocrates¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡
made¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡Plato¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨Protagoras£»¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡young¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Hippocrates£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡son¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
Apollodorus¡¡has¡¡come¡¡to¡¡Protagoras£»¡¡¡¨that¡¡mighty¡¡wise¡¡man£»¡¨¡¡to¡¡learn¡¡the¡¡
science¡¡and¡¡knowledge¡¡of¡¡human¡¡life¡£¡¡Socrates¡¡asked¡¡him£º¡¡¡¨If¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡you¡¡had¡¡
thought¡¡of¡¡going¡¡to¡¡Hippocrates¡¡of¡¡Cos£»¡¡the¡¡Asclepiad£»¡¡and¡¡were¡¡about¡¡to¡¡
give¡¡¡¡¡¡him¡¡¡¡¡¡your¡¡¡¡¡¡money£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡some¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡said¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡you£»¡¡¡¡¡¡'You¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡paying¡¡
money¡¡to¡¡your¡¡namesake¡¡Hippocrates£»¡¡O¡¡Hippocrates£»¡¡tell¡¡me£»¡¡what¡¡is¡¡he¡¡
that¡¡¡¡¡¡you¡¡¡¡¡¡give¡¡¡¡¡¡him¡¡¡¡¡¡money£¿'¡¡¡¡¡¡how¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡you¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡answered£¿¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨I¡¡¡¡¡¡should¡¡
say£»¡¨¡¡he¡¡replied£»¡¡¡¨that¡¡I¡¡gave¡¡money¡¡to¡¡him¡¡as¡¡a¡¡physician¡£¡¨¡¡¡¨And¡¡what¡¡will¡¡
he¡¡make¡¡of¡¡you£¿¡¨¡¡¡¨A¡¡physician£»¡¨¡¡he¡¡said¡£¡¡And¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Phaedrus£»¡¡in¡¡reply¡¡to¡¡
a¡¡¡¡¡¡question¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Socrates¡¡¡¡¡¡whether¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡nature¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡soul¡¡¡¡¡¡could¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡known¡¡
intelligently¡¡¡¡without¡¡¡¡¡¡knowing¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡nature¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡whole£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Phaedrus¡¡¡¡¡¡replies£º¡¡
¡¨Hippocrates£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡Asclepiad£»¡¡¡¡¡¡says¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡nature£»¡¡¡¡¡¡even¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡body£»¡¡¡¡¡¡can¡¡
only¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡understood¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡whole¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨Plato£»¡¡¡¡¡¡I£»¡¡¡¡¡¡311£»¡¡¡¡¡¡III£»¡¡¡¡¡¡270Jowett£»¡¡¡¡¡¡I£»¡¡¡¡¡¡131£»¡¡
479¡££©¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Several¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡lives¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Hippocrates¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡written¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡
frequently¡¡quoted¡¡is¡¡that¡¡of¡¡Soranus¡¡of¡¡Ephesus¡¡£¨not¡¡the¡¡famous¡¡physician¡¡
of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡time¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Trajan£©£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡statements¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡gives¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡usually¡¡
accepted£»¡¡viz¡££»¡¡that¡¡he¡¡was¡¡born¡¡in¡¡the¡¡island¡¡of¡¡Cos¡¡in¡¡the¡¡year¡¡460¡¡B¡£C¡££»¡¡
that¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡belonged¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡Asklepiad¡¡¡¡¡¡family¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡distinction£»¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡travelled¡¡
extensively£»¡¡visiting¡¡Thrace£»¡¡Thessaly£»¡¡and¡¡various¡¡other¡¡parts¡¡of¡¡Greece£»¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡49¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡50¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡EVOLUTION¡¡OF¡¡MODERN¡¡MEDICINE¡¡
that¡¡he¡¡returned¡¡to¡¡Cos£»¡¡where¡¡he¡¡became¡¡the¡¡most¡¡renowned¡¡physician¡¡of¡¡
his¡¡¡¡¡¡period£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡died¡¡¡¡¡¡about¡¡¡¡¡¡375¡¡¡¡¡¡B¡£C¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Aristotle¡¡¡¡¡¡mentions¡¡¡¡¡¡him¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡once£»¡¡
calling¡¡him¡¡¡¨the¡¡great¡¡Hippocrates¡£¡¨¡¡Busts¡¡of¡¡him¡¡are¡¡common£»¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
earliest¡¡of¡¡which£»¡¡and¡¡I¡¡am¡¡told¡¡the¡¡best£»¡¡dating¡¡from¡¡Roman¡¡days¡¡and¡¡now¡¡
in¡¡the¡¡British¡¡Museum£»¡¡is¡¡here¡¡represented¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Of¡¡the¡¡numerous¡¡writings¡¡attributed¡¡to¡¡Hippocrates¡¡it¡¡cannot¡¡easily¡¡be¡¡
determined¡¡which¡¡are¡¡really¡¡the¡¡work¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Father¡¡of¡¡Medicine¡¡himself¡£¡¡
They¡¡were¡¡collected¡¡at¡¡the¡¡time¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Alexandrian¡¡School£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡became¡¡
customary¡¡to¡¡write¡¡commentaries¡¡upon¡¡them£»¡¡much¡¡of¡¡the¡¡most¡¡important¡¡
information¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡about¡¡¡¡¡¡them£»¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡derive¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡Galen¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡earliest¡¡
manuscript¡¡is¡¡the¡¡¡¨Codex¡¡Laurentianus¡¨¡¡of¡¡Florence£»¡¡dating¡¡from¡¡the¡¡ninth¡¡
century£»¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡specimen¡¡¡¡¡¡page¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨thanks¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡Commendatore¡¡¡¡¡¡Biagi£©¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡
annexed¡£¡¡Those¡¡of¡¡you¡¡who¡¡are¡¡interested£»¡¡and¡¡wish¡¡to¡¡have¡¡full¡¡references¡¡
to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡various¡¡¡¡¡¡works¡¡¡¡¡¡attributed¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡Hippocrates£»¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡find¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨Die¡¡
Handschriften¡¡¡¡¡¡der¡¡¡¡¡¡antiken¡¡¡¡¡¡Aerzte¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Prussian¡¡¡¡¡¡Academy£»¡¡¡¡¡¡edited¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡
Diels¡¡£¨Berlin£»¡¡1905£©¡£¡¡The¡¡Prussian¡¡Academy¡¡has¡¡undertaken¡¡the¡¡editorship¡¡
of¡¡the¡¡¡¨Corpus¡¡Medicorum¡¡Graecorum¡£¡¨¡¡There¡¡is¡¡no¡¡complete¡¡edition¡¡of¡¡
them¡¡in¡¡English¡£¡¡In¡¡1849¡¡the¡¡Deeside¡¡physician£»¡¡Adams£»¡¡published¡¡£¨for¡¡the¡¡
Old¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Sydenham¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Society£©¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡translation¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡important¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡works£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡
valuable¡¡edition¡¡and¡¡easily¡¡obtained¡£¡¡Littre's¡¡ten¡volume¡¡edition¡¡OEuvres¡¡
completes¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡d'Hippocrate£»¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Paris£»¡¡¡¡1839¡1861£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡important¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡
reference¡£¡¡Those¡¡of¡¡you¡¡who¡¡want¡¡a¡¡brief¡¡but¡¡very¡¡satisfactory¡¡account¡¡of¡¡
the¡¡Hippocratic¡¡writings£»¡¡with¡¡numerous¡¡extracts£»will¡¡find¡¡the¡¡volume¡¡of¡¡
Theodor¡¡Beck¡¡£¨Jena£»¡¡1907£©¡¡very¡¡useful¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡can¡¡¡¡¡¡only¡¡¡¡¡¡indicate£»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡very¡¡¡¡¡¡brief¡¡¡¡¡¡way£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡special¡¡¡¡¡¡features¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
Hippocratic¡¡writings¡¡that¡¡have¡¡influenced¡¡the¡¡evolution¡¡of¡¡the¡¡science¡¡and¡¡
art¡¡of¡¡medicine¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡first¡¡is¡¡undoubtedly¡¡the¡¡note¡¡of¡¡humanity¡£¡¡In¡¡his¡¡introduction¡¡to£»¡¡
¡¨The¡¡Rise¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Greek¡¡Epic£»¡¨£§21£§¡¡Gilbert¡¡Murray¡¡emphasizes¡¡the¡¡idea¡¡of¡¡
service¡¡to¡¡the¡¡community¡¡as¡¡more¡¡deeply¡¡rooted¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Greeks¡¡than¡¡in¡¡us¡£¡¡
The¡¡¡¡¡¡question¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡asked¡¡¡¡¡¡about¡¡¡¡¡¡each¡¡¡¡¡¡writer¡¡¡¡¡¡was£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨Does¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡help¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡make¡¡
better¡¡men£¿¡¨¡¡or¡¡¡¨Does¡¡he¡¡make¡¡life¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡better¡¡thing£¿¡¨Their¡¡aim¡¡was¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡
useful£»¡¡to¡¡be¡¡helpful£»¡¡to¡¡make¡¡better¡¡men¡¡in¡¡the¡¡cities£»¡¡to¡¡correct¡¡life£»¡¡¡¨to¡¡
make¡¡gentle¡¡the¡¡life¡¡of¡¡the¡¡world¡£¡¨¡¡In¡¡this¡¡brief¡¡phrase¡¡were¡¡summed¡¡up¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡50¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡51¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡EVOLUTION¡¡OF¡¡MODERN¡¡MEDICINE¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡aspirations¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡Athenians£»¡¡¡¡likewise¡¡¡¡¡¡illuminated¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡remarkable¡¡
saying¡¡of¡¡Prodicus¡¡£¨fifth¡¡century¡¡B¡£C¡££©£»¡¡¡¨That¡¡which¡¡benefits¡¡human¡¡life¡¡is¡¡
God¡£¡¨¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡Greek¡¡¡¡¡¡view¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡man¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡very¡¡¡¡antithesis¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡St¡£¡¡
Paul¡¡enforced¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡Christian¡¡world¡£¡¡One¡¡idea¡¡pervades¡¡thought¡¡from¡¡
Homer¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡Lucian¡like¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡aroma¡¡¡¡¡¡pride¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡body¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡whole¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
strong¡¡conviction¡¡that¡¡¡¨our¡¡soul¡¡in¡¡its¡¡rose¡¡mesh¡¨¡¡is¡¡quite¡¡as¡¡much¡¡helped¡¡
by¡¡flesh¡¡as¡¡flesh¡¡by¡¡the¡¡soul¡¡the¡¡Greek¡¡sang¡¡his¡¡song¡¨For¡¡pleasant¡¡is¡¡this¡¡
flesh¡£¡¨Just¡¡¡¡¡¡so¡¡¡¡¡¡far¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡appreciate¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡value¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡fair¡¡¡¡¡¡mind¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡fair¡¡
body£»so¡¡¡¡¡¡far¡¡¡¡¡¡do¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡apprehend¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ideals¡¡¡¡¡¡expressed¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Greek¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡every¡¡
department¡¡of¡¡life¡£¡¡The¡¡beautiful¡¡soul¡¡harmonizing¡¡with¡¡the¡¡beautiful¡¡body¡¡
was¡¡as¡¡much¡¡the¡¡glorious¡¡ideal¡¡of¡¡Plato¡¡as¡¡it¡¡was¡¡the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡the¡¡education¡¡
of¡¡Aristotle¡£¡¡What¡¡a¡¡splendid¡¡picture¡¡in¡¡Book¡¡III¡¡of¡¡the¡¨Republic£»¡¨¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
day¡¡when¡¡¡¨¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡our¡¡youth¡¡will¡¡dwell¡¡in¡¡a¡¡land¡¡of¡¡health£»¡¡amid¡¡fair¡¡sights¡¡
and¡¡sounds¡¡and¡¡receive¡¡the¡¡good¡¡in¡¡everything£»and¡¡beauty£»¡¡the¡¡effluence¡¡of¡¡
fair¡¡works£»¡¡shall¡¡flow¡¡into¡¡the¡¡eye¡¡and¡¡ear¡¡like¡¡a¡¡health¡giving¡¡breeze¡¡from¡¡
a¡¡¡¡¡¡purer¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡region£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡insensibly¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡draw¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡soul¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡earliest¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡years¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡into¡¡
likeness¡¡and¡¡sympathy¡¡with¡¡the¡¡beauty¡¡of¡¡reason¡£¡¨¡¡The¡¡glory¡¡of¡¡this¡¡zeal¡¡
for¡¡the¡¡enrichment¡¡of¡¡this¡¡present¡¡life¡¡was¡¡revealed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Greeks¡¡as¡¡to¡¡no¡¡
other¡¡people£»¡¡but¡¡in¡¡respect¡¡to¡¡care¡¡for¡¡the¡¡body¡¡of¡¡the¡¡common¡¡man£»¡¡we¡¡
have¡¡¡¡¡¡only¡¡¡¡¡¡seen¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡¡¡fulfilment¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡our¡¡¡¡¡¡own¡¡¡¡¡¡day£»¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡direct¡¡¡¡¡¡result¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
methods¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡research¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡initiated¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Everywhere¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡throughout¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
Hippocratic¡¡¡¡¡¡writings¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡find¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡attitude¡¡¡¡¡¡towards¡¡¡¡¡¡life£»¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡never¡¡
been¡¡¡¡¡¡better¡¡¡¡¡¡expressed¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡fine¡¡¡¡¡¡phrase£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨Where¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡love¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
humanity¡¡there¡¡will¡¡be¡¡love¡¡of¡¡the¡¡profession¡£¡¨¡¡This¡¡is¡¡well¡¡brought¡¡out¡¡in¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡qualifications¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡laid¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡down¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Hippocrates¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡study¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
medicine¡£¡¨Whoever¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡acquire¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡competent¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡knowledge¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡medicine¡¡
ought¡¡to¡¡be¡¡possessed¡¡of¡¡the¡¡following¡¡advantages£º¡¡a¡¡natural¡¡disposition£»¡¡
instruction£»a¡¡favourable¡¡position¡¡for¡¡the¡¡study£»¡¡early¡¡tuition£»¡¡love¡¡of¡¡labour£»¡¡
leisure¡£¡¡First¡¡of¡¡all£»¡¡a¡¡natural¡¡talent¡¡is¡¡required£»¡¡for¡¡when¡¡nature¡¡opposes£»¡¡
everything¡¡¡¡¡¡else¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡vain£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡when¡¡¡¡¡¡nature¡¡¡¡¡¡leads¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡way¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡what¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡
excellent£»¡¡instruction¡¡in¡¡the¡¡art¡¡takes¡¡place£»¡¡which¡¡the¡¡student¡¡must¡¡try¡¡to¡¡
appropriate¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡himself¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡reflection£»¡¡¡¡¡¡becoming¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡nearly¡¡¡¡pupil¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡place¡¡
well¡¡¡¡¡¡adapted¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡instruction¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡He¡¡¡¡¡¡must¡¡¡¡¡¡also¡¡¡¡¡¡bring¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡task¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡love¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
labour¡¡and¡¡perseverance£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡the¡¡instruction¡¡taking¡¡root¡¡may¡¡bring¡¡forth¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡51¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡52¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡EVOLUTION¡¡OF¡¡MODERN¡¡MEDICINE¡¡
proper¡¡and¡¡abundant¡¡fruits¡£¡¨¡¡And¡¡the¡¡directions¡¡given¡¡for¡¡the¡¡conduct¡¡of¡¡
life¡¡and¡¡for¡¡the¡¡relation¡¡which¡¡the¡¡physician¡¡should¡¡have¡¡with¡¡the¡¡public¡¡
are¡¡those¡¡of¡¡our¡¡code¡¡of¡¡ethics¡¡today¡£¡¡Consultations¡¡in¡¡doubtful¡¡cases¡¡are¡¡
advised£»¡¡touting¡¡for¡¡fees¡¡is¡¡discouraged¡£¡¡¡¨If¡¡two¡¡or¡¡more¡¡ways¡¡of¡¡medical¡¡
treatment¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡possible£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡physician¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡recommended¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡choose¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
least¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡imposing¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡sensational£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡act¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡'deceit'¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡dazzle¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
patient's¡¡¡¡¡¡eye¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡brilliant¡¡¡¡¡¡exhibitions¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡skill¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡might¡¡¡¡¡¡very¡¡¡¡¡¡well¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡
dispensed¡¡with¡£¡¡The¡¡practice¡¡of¡¡holding¡¡public¡¡lectures¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡increase¡¡
his¡¡¡¡¡¡reputation¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡discouraged¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡physician£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡especially¡¡
warned¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡against¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡lectures¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡tricked¡¡¡¡¡¡out¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡quotations¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡poets¡£¡¡
Physicians¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡pretended¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡infallibility¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡detecting
СÌáʾ£º°´ »Ø³µ [Enter] ¼ü ·µ»ØÊéÄ¿£¬°´ ¡û ¼ü ·µ»ØÉÏÒ»Ò³£¬ °´ ¡ú ¼ü ½øÈëÏÂÒ»Ò³¡£
ÔÞÒ»ÏÂ
Ìí¼ÓÊéÇ©¼ÓÈëÊé¼Ü