¡¶the evolution of modern medicine(ÏÖ´úÒ½Ò©µÄÑݱä)¡·

ÏÂÔر¾Êé

Ìí¼ÓÊéÇ©

the evolution of modern medicine(ÏÖ´úÒ½Ò©µÄÑݱä)- µÚ15²¿·Ö


°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡

Physicians¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡pretended¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡infallibility¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡detecting¡¡¡¡¡¡even¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡minutest¡¡

departure¡¡from¡¡their¡¡prescriptions¡¡were¡¡laughed¡¡at£»¡¡and¡¡finally£»¡¡there¡¡were¡¡

precise¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡­laws¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡regulate¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡personal¡¡¡¡¡¡behaviour¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡physician¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡He¡¡

was¡¡enjoined¡¡to¡¡observe¡¡the¡¡most¡¡scrupulous¡¡cleanliness£»¡¡and¡¡was¡¡advised¡¡

to¡¡cultivate¡¡an¡¡elegance¡¡removed¡¡from¡¡all¡¡signs¡¡of¡¡luxury£»¡¡even¡¡down¡¡to¡¡

the¡¡detail¡¡that¡¡he¡¡might¡¡use¡¡perfumes£»but¡¡not¡¡in¡¡an¡¡immoderate¡¡degree¡£¡¨£§22£§¡¡

But¡¡the¡¡high¡­water¡¡mark¡¡of¡¡professional¡¡morality¡¡is¡¡reached¡¡in¡¡the¡¡famous¡¡

Hippocratic¡¡oath£»which¡¡Gomperz¡¡calls¡¡¡¨a¡¡monument¡¡of¡¡the¡¡highest¡¡rank¡¡in¡¡

the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡history¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡civilization¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡small¡¡¡¡¡¡matter¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡whether¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡of¡¡

Hippocratic¡¡date¡¡or¡¡not£»¡¡or¡¡whether¡¡it¡¡has¡¡in¡¡it¡¡Egyptian¡¡or¡¡Indian¡¡elements£º¡¡

its¡¡importance¡¡lies¡¡in¡¡the¡¡accuracy¡¡with¡¡which¡¡it¡¡represents¡¡the¡¡Greek¡¡spirit¡£¡¡

For¡¡twenty¡­five¡¡centuries¡¡it¡¡has¡¡been¡¡the¡¡¡¨credo¡¨¡¡of¡¡the¡¡profession£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡

many¡¡universities¡¡it¡¡is¡¡still¡¡the¡¡formula¡¡with¡¡which¡¡men¡¡are¡¡admitted¡¡to¡¡the¡¡

doctorate¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§21£§¡¡Oxford¡£¡¡Clarendon¡¡Press£»¡¡2d¡¡ed¡££»¡¡1911¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§22£§¡¡Gomperz£º¡¡Greek¡¡Thinkers£»¡¡Vol¡£¡¡I£»¡¡p¡£¡¡281¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡swear¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡Apollo¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡physician¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡AEsculapius¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Health¡¡

£¨Hygieia£©¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡All¡­Heal¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨Panacea£©¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡gods¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡goddesses£»¡¡¡¡¡¡that£»¡¡

according¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡my¡¡¡¡¡¡ability¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡judgment£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡keep¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡oath¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡

stipulationto¡¡reckon¡¡him¡¡who¡¡taught¡¡me¡¡this¡¡art¡¡equally¡¡dear¡¡to¡¡me¡¡as¡¡my¡¡

parents£»¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡share¡¡¡¡¡¡my¡¡¡¡¡¡substance¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡him£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡relieve¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡necessities¡¡¡¡¡¡if¡¡

required£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡look¡¡¡¡¡¡upon¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡offspring¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡same¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡footing¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡my¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡own¡¡

brothers£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡teach¡¡them¡¡this¡¡art£»if¡¡they¡¡shall¡¡wish¡¡to¡¡learn¡¡it£»¡¡without¡¡

fee¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡stipulation£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡precept£»lecture£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡every¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡¡¡¡¡¡mode¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡52¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡53¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡EVOLUTION¡¡OF¡¡MODERN¡¡MEDICINE¡¡



instruction£»¡¡I¡¡will¡¡impart¡¡a¡¡knowledge¡¡of¡¡my¡¡art¡¡to¡¡my¡¡own¡¡sons£»¡¡and¡¡those¡¡

of¡¡my¡¡teachers£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡disciples¡¡bound¡¡by¡¡a¡¡stipulation¡¡and¡¡oath¡¡according¡¡

to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡law¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡medicine£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡none¡¡¡¡¡¡others¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡follow¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡system¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

regimen¡¡which£»¡¡according¡¡to¡¡my¡¡ability¡¡and¡¡judgement£»I¡¡consider¡¡for¡¡the¡¡

benefit¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡my¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡patients£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡abstain¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡whatever¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡deleterious¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

mischievous¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡give¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡deadly¡¡¡¡¡¡medicine¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡anyone¡¡¡¡¡¡if¡¡¡¡¡¡asked£»¡¡¡¡¡¡nor¡¡¡¡¡¡suggest¡¡¡¡¡¡any¡¡

such¡¡counsel£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡like¡¡manner¡¡I¡¡will¡¡not¡¡give¡¡to¡¡a¡¡woman¡¡a¡¡pessary¡¡to¡¡

produce¡¡abortion¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡With¡¡purity¡¡and¡¡with¡¡holiness¡¡I¡¡will¡¡pass¡¡my¡¡life¡¡and¡¡practice¡¡my¡¡art¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§I¡¡will¡¡not¡¡cut¡¡persons¡¡labouring¡¡under¡¡the¡¡stone£»¡¡but¡¡will¡¡leave¡¡this¡¡to¡¡

be¡¡done¡¡by¡¡men¡¡who¡¡are¡¡practitioners¡¡of¡¡this¡¡work¡££§¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Into¡¡whatsoever¡¡houses¡¡I¡¡enter£»¡¡I¡¡will¡¡go¡¡into¡¡them¡¡for¡¡the¡¡benefit¡¡of¡¡

the¡¡¡¡¡¡sick£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡abstain¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡every¡¡¡¡¡¡voluntary¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡act¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡mischief¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

corruption£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and£»further£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡abduction¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡females¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡males£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

freemen¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡slaves¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Whatever£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡connection¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡my¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡professional¡¡

practice£»¡¡or¡¡not¡¡in¡¡connection¡¡with¡¡it£»I¡¡see¡¡or¡¡hear£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡life¡¡of¡¡men£»¡¡which¡¡

ought¡¡not¡¡to¡¡be¡¡spoken¡¡of¡¡abroad£»¡¡I¡¡will¡¡not¡¡divulge£»¡¡as¡¡reckoning¡¡that¡¡all¡¡

such¡¡should¡¡be¡¡kept¡¡secret¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡While¡¡I¡¡continue¡¡to¡¡keep¡¡this¡¡Oath¡¡unviolated£»¡¡may¡¡it¡¡be¡¡granted¡¡to¡¡me¡¡

to¡¡enjoy¡¡life¡¡and¡¡the¡¡practice¡¡of¡¡the¡¡art£»¡¡respected¡¡by¡¡all¡¡men£»¡¡in¡¡all¡¡times£¡¡¡

But¡¡should¡¡I¡¡trespass¡¡and¡¡violate¡¡this¡¡Oath£»¡¡may¡¡the¡¡reverse¡¡be¡¡my¡¡lot£¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨Adams£»¡¡II£»¡¡779£»¡¡cf¡£¡¡Littre£»¡¡IV£»¡¡628¡££©¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡his¡¡ideal¡¡republic£»¡¡Plato¡¡put¡¡the¡¡physician¡¡low¡¡enough£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡last¡¡

stratum£»¡¡indeed£»¡¡but¡¡he¡¡has¡¡never¡¡been¡¡more¡¡honorably¡¡placed¡¡than¡¡in¡¡the¡¡

picture¡¡of¡¡Athenian¡¡society¡¡given¡¡by¡¡this¡¡author¡¡in¡¡the¡¡¡¨Symposium¡£¡¨¡¡Here¡¡

the¡¡physician¡¡is¡¡shown¡¡as¡¡a¡¡cultivated¡¡gentleman£»¡¡mixing¡¡in¡¡the¡¡best£»¡¡if¡¡not¡¡

always¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡sober£»¡¡¡¡¡¡society¡£¡¡¡¡Eryximachus£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡son¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡Acumenus£»¡¡

himself¡¡a¡¡physician£»¡¡plays¡¡in¡¡this¡¡famous¡¡scene¡¡a¡¡typical¡¡Greek¡¡part£§22a£§¡¡

a¡¡¡¡¡¡strong¡¡¡¡¡¡advocate¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡temperance¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡mind¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡body£»¡¡¡¡¡¡deprecating£»¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡

physician£»¡¡excess¡¡in¡¡drink£»¡¡he¡¡urged¡¡that¡¡conversation¡¡should¡¡be¡¡the¡¡order¡¡

of¡¡the¡¡day¡¡and¡¡he¡¡had¡¡the¡¡honor¡¡of¡¡naming¡¡the¡¡subject¡¨Praise¡¡of¡¡the¡¡God¡¡

of¡¡Love¡£¡¨¡¡Incidentally¡¡Eryximachus¡¡gives¡¡his¡¡view¡¡of¡¡the¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡disease£»¡¡

and¡¡shows¡¡how¡¡deeply¡¡he¡¡was¡¡influenced¡¡by¡¡the¡¡views¡¡of¡¡Empedocles£º¡¨¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡53¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡54¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡EVOLUTION¡¡OF¡¡MODERN¡¡MEDICINE¡¡



so¡¡too¡¡in¡¡the¡¡body¡¡the¡¡good¡¡and¡¡healthy¡¡elements¡¡are¡¡to¡¡be¡¡indulged£»¡¡and¡¡

the¡¡bad¡¡elements¡¡and¡¡the¡¡elements¡¡of¡¡disease¡¡are¡¡not¡¡to¡¡be¡¡indulged£»¡¡but¡¡

discouraged¡£¡¡And¡¡this¡¡is¡¡what¡¡the¡¡physician¡¡has¡¡to¡¡do£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡this¡¡the¡¡art¡¡of¡¡

medicine¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡consists£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡medicine¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡regarded¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡generally¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

knowledge¡¡of¡¡the¡¡loves¡¡and¡¡desires¡¡of¡¡the¡¡body¡¡and¡¡how¡¡to¡¡satisfy¡¡them¡¡or¡¡

not£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡best¡¡physician¡¡is¡¡he¡¡who¡¡is¡¡able¡¡to¡¡separate¡¡fair¡¡love¡¡from¡¡foul£»¡¡

or¡¡to¡¡convert¡¡one¡¡into¡¡the¡¡other£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡who¡¡knows¡¡how¡¡to¡¡eradicate¡¡and¡¡

how¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡implant¡¡¡¡¡¡love£»¡¡¡¡¡¡whichever¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡required£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡can¡¡¡¡¡¡reconcile¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡

hostile¡¡¡¡¡¡elements¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡constitution¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡make¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡loving¡¡¡¡¡¡friends£»¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡

skilful¡¡practitioner¡£¡¨¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§22a£§¡¡Professor¡¡Gildersleeve's¡¡view¡¡of¡¡Eryximachus¡¡is¡¡less¡¡¡¡¡¡favorable¡¡

£¨Johns¡¡Hopkins¡¡University¡¡Circular£»¡¡Baltimore£»¡¡January£»¡¡1887£©¡£¡¡Plato£»¡¡III£»¡¡

186Jowett£»¡¡I£»¡¡556¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡second¡¡¡¡¡¡great¡¡¡¡¡¡note¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡Greek¡¡¡¡¡¡medicine¡¡¡¡¡¡illustrates¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡directness¡¡

with¡¡which¡¡they¡¡went¡¡to¡¡the¡¡very¡¡¡¡heart¡¡of¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡matter¡£¡¡Out¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡mysticism£»¡¡

superstition¡¡and¡¡religious¡¡ritual¡¡the¡¡Greek¡¡went¡¡directly¡¡to¡¡nature¡¡and¡¡was¡¡

the¡¡first¡¡to¡¡grasp¡¡the¡¡conception¡¡of¡¡medicine¡¡as¡¡an¡¡art¡¡based¡¡on¡¡accurate¡¡

observation£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡integral¡¡¡¡¡¡part¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡science¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡man¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡What¡¡¡¡¡¡could¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡

more¡¡¡¡¡¡striking¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡phrase¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨The¡¡¡¡¡¡Law£»¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨There¡¡¡¡¡¡are£»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡effect£»¡¡¡¡¡¡two¡¡

things£»¡¡to¡¡know¡¡and¡¡to¡¡believe¡¡one¡¡knows£»¡¡to¡¡know¡¡is¡¡science£»¡¡to¡¡believe¡¡

one¡¡¡¡¡¡knows¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡ignorance¡¨£¿£§23£§¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡single¡¡¡¡¡¡phrase¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡writings¡¡¡¡¡¡can¡¡

compare¡¡for¡¡directness¡¡with¡¡the¡¡famous¡¡aphorism¡¡which¡¡has¡¡gone¡¡into¡¡the¡¡

literature¡¡of¡¡all¡¡lands£º¡¡¡¨Life¡¡is¡¡short¡¡and¡¡Art¡¡is¡¡long£»¡¡the¡¡Occasion¡¡fleeting£»¡¡

Experience¡¡fallacious£»¡¡and¡¡Judgment¡¡difficult¡£¡¨¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§23£§¡¡Littre£º¡¡OEuvres¡¡d'Hippocrate£»¡¡Vol¡£¡¡IV£»¡¡pp¡£¡¡641¡­642¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Everywhere¡¡one¡¡finds¡¡a¡¡strong£»¡¡clear¡¡common¡¡sense£»¡¡which¡¡refuses¡¡to¡¡

be¡¡¡¡¡¡entangled¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡either¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡theological¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡philosophical¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡speculations¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡What¡¡

Socrates¡¡¡¡¡¡did¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡philosophy¡¡¡¡¡¡Hippocrates¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡said¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡done¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡

medicine¡£¡¡As¡¡¡¡¡¡Socrates¡¡¡¡¡¡devoted¡¡¡¡¡¡himself¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡ethics£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡application¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

right¡¡thinking¡¡to¡¡good¡¡conduct£»¡¡so¡¡Hippocrates¡¡insisted¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡practical¡¡

nature¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡art£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡placing¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡¡¡highest¡¡¡¡¡¡good¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡benefit¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

patient¡£¡¡Empiricism£»¡¡experience£»¡¡the¡¡collection¡¡of¡¡facts£»¡¡the¡¡evidence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡

senses£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡avoidance¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡philosophical¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡speculations£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

distinguishing¡¡features¡¡of¡¡Hippocratic¡¡medicine¡£¡¡One¡¡of¡¡the¡¡most¡¡striking¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡54¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡55¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡EVOLUTION¡¡OF¡¡MODERN¡¡MEDICINE¡¡



contributions¡¡of¡¡Hippocrates¡¡is¡¡the¡¡recognition¡¡that¡¡diseases¡¡are¡¡only¡¡part¡¡

of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡processes¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡nature£»¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡nothing¡¡¡¡¡¡divine¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡sacred¡¡¡¡¡¡about¡¡

them¡£¡¡With¡¡reference¡¡to¡¡epilepsy£»which¡¡was¡¡regarded¡¡as¡¡a¡¡sacred¡¡disease£»¡¡

he¡¡says£»¡¡¡¨It¡¡appears¡¡to¡¡me¡¡to¡¡be¡¡no¡¡wise¡¡more¡¡divine¡¡nor¡¡more¡¡sacred¡¡than¡¡

other¡¡diseases£»¡¡but¡¡has¡¡a¡¡natural¡¡cause¡¡from¡¡which¡¡it¡¡originates¡¡like¡¡other¡¡

affections£»¡¡men¡¡regard¡¡its¡¡nature¡¡and¡¡cause¡¡as¡¡divine¡¡from¡¡ignorance¡£¡¨¡¡And¡¡

in¡¡another¡¡place¡¡he¡¡remarks¡¡that¡¡each¡¡disease¡¡has¡¡its¡¡own¡¡nature£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡

no¡¡one¡¡arises¡¡without¡¡a¡¡natural¡¡cause¡£¡¡He¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡have¡¡been¡¡the¡¡first¡¡to¡¡

grasp¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡conception¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡great¡¡¡¡¡¡healing¡¡¡¡¡¡powers¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡nature¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡long¡¡

experience¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡cures¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡temples£»¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡must¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡seen¡¡¡¡¡¡scores¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

instances¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡god¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡worked¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡miracle¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡through¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡vis¡¡

medicatrix¡¡naturae£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡the¡¡shrewd¡¡wisdom¡¡of¡¡his¡¡practical¡¡suggestions¡¡

in¡¡treatment¡¡may¡¡be¡¡attributed¡¡in¡¡large¡¡part¡¡the¡¡extraordinary¡¡vogue¡¡which¡¡

the¡¡great¡¡Coan¡¡has¡¡enjoyed¡¡for¡¡twenty¡­five¡¡centuries¡£¡¡One¡¡may¡¡appreciate¡¡

the¡¡¡¡¡¡veneration¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Father¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Medicine¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡regarded¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

attribute¡¡¡¨divine¡¨¡¡which¡¡was¡¡usually¡¡attached¡¡to¡¡his¡¡name¡£¡¡Listen¡¡to¡¡this¡¡

for¡¡¡¡¡¡directness¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡honesty¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡speech¡¡¡¡¡¡taken¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡work¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡joints¡¡

characterized¡¡by¡¡Littre¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¨the¡¡great¡¡surgical¡¡monument¡¡of¡¡antiquity¡¨£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨I¡¡

have¡¡¡¡¡¡written¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡down¡¡¡¡¡¡deliberately£»¡¡¡¡¡¡believing¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡valuable¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡learn¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

unsuccessful¡¡experiments£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡know¡¡the¡¡causes¡¡of¡¡their¡¡non¡­success¡£¡¨¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡note¡¡of¡¡freedom¡¡is¡¡not¡¡less¡¡remarkable¡¡throughout¡¡the¡¡Hippocratic¡¡

writings£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡easy¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡understand¡¡¡¡¡¡how¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡man¡¡¡¡¡¡brought¡¡¡¡¡¡up¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

practicing¡¡within¡¡the¡¡precincts¡¡of¡¡a¡¡famous¡¡AEsculapian¡¡temple¡¡could¡¡have¡¡

divorced¡¡himself¡¡so¡¡wholly¡¡from¡¡the¡¡superstitions¡¡and¡¡vagaries¡¡of¡¡the¡¡cult¡£¡¡

There¡¡are¡¡probably¡¡grounds¡¡for¡¡Pliny's¡¡suggestion¡¡that¡¡he¡¡benefited¡¡by¡¡the¡¡

receipts¡¡written¡¡in¡¡the¡¡temple£»¡¡registered¡¡by¡¡the¡¡sick¡¡cured¡¡of¡¡any¡¡disease¡£¡¡

¡¨Afterwards£»¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡Pliny¡¡¡¡¡¡goes¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡remark¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡characteristic¡¡¡¡¡¡way£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨hee¡¡

professed¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡course¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡Physicke¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡called¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Clinice¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Wherby¡¡

physicians¡¡¡¡¡¡found¡¡¡¡¡¡such¡¡¡¡¡¡sweetnesse¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡afterwards¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡measure¡¡

nor¡¡end¡¡of¡¡fees¡¨¡¡£¨¡¨Natural¡¡History£»¡¨¡¡XXIX£»¡¡1£©¡£¡¡There¡¡is¡¡no¡¡reference¡¡in¡¡the¡¡

Hippo
СÌáʾ£º°´ »Ø³µ [Enter] ¼ü ·µ»ØÊéÄ¿£¬°´ ¡û ¼ü ·µ»ØÉÏÒ»Ò³£¬ °´ ¡ú ¼ü ½øÈëÏÂÒ»Ò³¡£ ÔÞһϠÌí¼ÓÊéÇ©¼ÓÈëÊé¼Ü