¡¶the evolution of modern medicine(ÏÖ´úÒ½Ò©µÄÑݱä)¡·

ÏÂÔر¾Êé

Ìí¼ÓÊéÇ©

the evolution of modern medicine(ÏÖ´úÒ½Ò©µÄÑݱä)- µÚ3²¿·Ö


°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡

from¡¡¡¡¡¡Juno¡¡¡¡¡¡Lucina¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Prosa¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡Portvorta¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨Withington£©¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Temples¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡

erected¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Goddess¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Fever£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡she¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡much¡¡¡¡¡¡invoked¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡There¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡

extant¡¡a¡¡touching¡¡tablet¡¡erected¡¡by¡¡a¡¡mourning¡¡mother¡¡and¡¡inscribed£º¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Febri¡¡divae£»¡¡Febri¡¡Sancte£»¡¡Febri¡¡magnae¡¡Camillo¡¡amato¡¡pro¡¡Filio¡¡meld¡¡

effecto¡£¡¡Posuit¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡marvellous¡¡¡¡¡¡what¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡long¡¡¡¡¡¡line¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡superhuman¡¡¡¡¡¡powers£»¡¡¡¡¡¡major¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

minor£»¡¡man¡¡has¡¡invoked¡¡against¡¡sickness¡£¡¡In¡¡Swinburne's¡¡words£º¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡God¡¡by¡¡God¡¡flits¡¡past¡¡in¡¡thunder¡¡till¡¡his¡¡glories¡¡turn¡¡to¡¡shades£»¡¡God¡¡by¡¡

God¡¡bears¡¡wondering¡¡witness¡¡how¡¡his¡¡Gospel¡¡flames¡¡and¡¡fades£»¡¡More¡¡was¡¡

each¡¡of¡¡these£»¡¡while¡¡yet¡¡they¡¡were£»¡¡than¡¡man¡¡their¡¡servant¡¡seemed£»¡¡Dead¡¡

are¡¡all¡¡of¡¡these£»¡¡and¡¡man¡¡survives¡¡who¡¡made¡¡them¡¡while¡¡he¡¡dreamed¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Most¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡benign¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡helpful¡¡¡¡¡¡gods¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Into¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡dark¡¡

chapters¡¡relating¡¡to¡¡demonical¡¡possession¡¡and¡¡to¡¡witchcraft¡¡we¡¡cannot¡¡here¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡9¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡10¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡EVOLUTION¡¡OF¡¡MODERN¡¡MEDICINE¡¡



enter¡£¡¡They¡¡make¡¡one¡¡cry¡¡out¡¡with¡¡Lucretius¡¡£¨Bk¡£¡¡V£©£º¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡O¡¡¡¡¡¡genus¡¡¡¡¡¡infelix¡¡¡¡¡¡humanum£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡talia¡¡¡¡¡¡divis¡¡¡¡¡¡Cum¡¡¡¡¡¡tribuit¡¡¡¡¡¡facta¡¡¡¡¡¡atque¡¡¡¡¡¡iras¡¡

adjunxit¡¡acerbas£¡¡¡Quantos¡¡tum¡¡gemitus¡¡ipsi¡¡sibi£»¡¡quantaque¡¡nobis¡¡Vulnera£»¡¡

quas¡¡lacrimas¡¡peperere¡¡minoribu'¡¡nostris¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡every¡¡age£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡every¡¡religion¡¡there¡¡has¡¡been¡¡justification¡¡for¡¡his¡¡

bitter¡¡¡¡¡¡words£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨tantum¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡religio¡¡¡¡¡¡potuit¡¡¡¡¡¡suadere¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡malorum¡¨¡¨Such¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡wrongs¡¡

Religion¡¡in¡¡her¡¡train¡¡doth¡¡bring¡¨yet£»¡¡one¡¡outcome¡¡of¡¡¡¨a¡¡belief¡¡in¡¡spiritual¡¡

beings¡¨as¡¡Tylor¡¡defines¡¡religion¡¡has¡¡been¡¡that¡¡man¡¡has¡¡built¡¡an¡¡altar¡¡of¡¡

righteousness¡¡in¡¡his¡¡heart¡£¡¡The¡¡comparative¡¡method¡¡applied¡¡to¡¡the¡¡study¡¡of¡¡

his¡¡religious¡¡growth¡¡has¡¡shown¡¡how¡¡man's¡¡thoughts¡¡have¡¡widened¡¡in¡¡the¡¡

unceasing¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡purpose¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡runs¡¡¡¡¡¡through¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡spiritual¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡less¡¡¡¡than¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡

physical¡¡evolution¡£¡¡Out¡¡of¡¡the¡¡spiritual¡¡protoplasm¡¡of¡¡magic¡¡have¡¡evolved¡¡

philosopher¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡physician£»¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡well¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡priest¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Magic¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡religion¡¡¡¡¡¡control¡¡

the¡¡uncharted¡¡spherethe¡¡supernatural£»¡¡the¡¡superhuman£º¡¡science¡¡seeks¡¡to¡¡

know¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡world£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡through¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡knowing£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡control¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡Ray¡¡¡¡¡¡Lankester¡¡

remarks¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡Man¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡Nature's¡¡¡¡¡¡rebel£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡goes¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡say£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨The¡¡¡¡¡¡mental¡¡

qualities¡¡which¡¡have¡¡developed¡¡in¡¡Man£»¡¡though¡¡traceable¡¡in¡¡a¡¡vague¡¡and¡¡

rudimentary¡¡¡¡¡¡condition¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡some¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡animal¡¡¡¡¡¡associates£»¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡such¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡

unprecedented¡¡power¡¡and¡¡so¡¡far¡¡dominate¡¡everything¡¡else¡¡in¡¡his¡¡activities¡¡

as¡¡a¡¡living¡¡organism£»¡¡that¡¡they¡¡have¡¡to¡¡a¡¡very¡¡large¡¡extent£»¡¡if¡¡not¡¡entirely£»¡¡

cut¡¡him¡¡off¡¡from¡¡the¡¡general¡¡operation¡¡of¡¡that¡¡process¡¡of¡¡Natural¡¡Selection¡¡

and¡¡survival¡¡of¡¡the¡¡fittest¡¡which¡¡up¡¡to¡¡their¡¡appearance¡¡had¡¡been¡¡the¡¡law¡¡of¡¡

the¡¡living¡¡world¡£¡¡They¡¡justify¡¡the¡¡view¡¡that¡¡Man¡¡forms¡¡a¡¡new¡¡departure¡¡in¡¡

the¡¡gradual¡¡unfolding¡¡of¡¡Nature's¡¡predestined¡¡scheme¡£¡¡Knowledge£»¡¡reason£»¡¡

self¡­consciousness£»¡¡will£»¡¡are¡¡the¡¡attributes¡¡of¡¡Man¡£¡¨£§1£§¡¡It¡¡has¡¡been¡¡a¡¡slow¡¡

and¡¡¡¡¡¡gradual¡¡¡¡¡¡growth£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡until¡¡¡¡¡¡within¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡past¡¡¡¡¡¡century¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡science¡¡

organized¡¡knowledge¡¡so¡¡searched¡¡out¡¡the¡¡secrets¡¡of¡¡Nature£»¡¡as¡¡to¡¡control¡¡

her¡¡powers£»¡¡limit¡¡her¡¡scope¡¡and¡¡transform¡¡her¡¡energies¡£¡¡The¡¡victory¡¡is¡¡so¡¡

recent¡¡that¡¡the¡¡mental¡¡attitude¡¡of¡¡the¡¡race¡¡is¡¡not¡¡yet¡¡adapted¡¡to¡¡the¡¡change¡£¡¡

A¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡large¡¡¡¡¡¡proportion¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡our¡¡¡¡¡¡fellow¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡creatures¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡still¡¡¡¡regard¡¡¡¡¡¡nature¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡a¡¡

playground¡¡for¡¡demons¡¡and¡¡spirits¡¡to¡¡be¡¡exorcised¡¡or¡¡invoked¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§1£§¡¡¡¡¡¡Sir¡¡¡¡¡¡E¡£¡¡¡¡Ray¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Lankester£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Romanes¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Lecture£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨Nature¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡Man£»¡¨¡¡

Oxford¡¡Univ¡£¡¡Press£»¡¡1905£»¡¡p¡£¡¡21¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Side¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡side£»¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡substance¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡shadow¡¨in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡dark¡¡¡¡¡¡backward¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡10¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡11¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡EVOLUTION¡¡OF¡¡MODERN¡¡MEDICINE¡¡



abysm¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡time£»¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡dawn¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡great¡¡¡¡civilizations¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡Egypt¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

Babylon£»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡bright¡¡¡¡¡¡morning¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Greece£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡full¡¡¡¡¡¡noontide¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

modern¡¡¡¡¡¡life£»¡¡¡¡¡¡together¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡grown¡¡¡¡¡¡up¡¡¡¡¡¡these¡¡¡¡¡¡two¡¡¡¡¡¡diametrically¡¡¡¡¡¡opposite¡¡

views¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡man's¡¡¡¡¡¡relation¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡nature£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡particularly¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡personal¡¡

relation¡¡to¡¡the¡¡agencies¡¡of¡¡disease¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡purpose¡¡of¡¡this¡¡course¡¡of¡¡lectures¡¡is¡¡to¡¡sketch¡¡the¡¡main¡¡features¡¡of¡¡

the¡¡growth¡¡of¡¡these¡¡two¡¡dominant¡¡ideas£»¡¡to¡¡show¡¡how¡¡they¡¡have¡¡influenced¡¡

man¡¡at¡¡the¡¡different¡¡periods¡¡of¡¡his¡¡evolution£»¡¡how¡¡the¡¡lamp¡¡of¡¡reason£»¡¡so¡¡

early¡¡lighted¡¡in¡¡his¡¡soul£»¡¡burning¡¡now¡¡bright£»¡¡now¡¡dim£»¡¡has¡¡never£»¡¡even¡¡in¡¡

his¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡darkest¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡period£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡wholly¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡extinguished£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡retrimmed¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

refurnished¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡indomitable¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡energies£»¡¡¡¡¡¡now¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡shines¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡

towards¡¡the¡¡perfect¡¡day¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡a¡¡glorious¡¡chapter¡¡in¡¡history£»¡¡in¡¡which¡¡those¡¡

who¡¡have¡¡eyes¡¡to¡¡see¡¡may¡¡read¡¡the¡¡fulfilment¡¡of¡¡the¡¡promise¡¡of¡¡Eden£»¡¡that¡¡

one¡¡day¡¡¡¡man¡¡¡¡¡¡should¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡only¡¡¡¡possess¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡earth£»¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡should¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡

dominion¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡over¡¡¡¡¡¡it£¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡propose¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡take¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡aeroplane¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡flight¡¡¡¡¡¡through¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

centuries£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡touching¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡only¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡tall¡¡¡¡peaks¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡

panoramic¡¡view¡¡of¡¡the¡¡epochs¡¡through¡¡which¡¡we¡¡pass¡£¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ORIGIN¡¡OF¡¡MEDICINE¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡MEDICINE¡¡arose¡¡out¡¡of¡¡the¡¡primal¡¡sympathy¡¡of¡¡man¡¡with¡¡man£»¡¡out¡¡of¡¡

the¡¡desire¡¡to¡¡help¡¡those¡¡in¡¡sorrow£»¡¡need¡¡and¡¡sickness¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡primal¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡sympathy¡¡¡¡¡¡Which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡having¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡must¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ever¡¡¡¡¡¡be£»¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡the¡¡

soothing¡¡thoughts¡¡that¡¡spring¡¡Out¡¡of¡¡human¡¡suffering¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡instinct¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡self¡­preservation£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡longing¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡relieve¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡loved¡¡¡¡¡¡one£»¡¡

and¡¡above¡¡all£»¡¡the¡¡maternal¡¡passionfor¡¡such¡¡it¡¡isgradually¡¡softened¡¡the¡¡

hard¡¡race¡¡of¡¡mantum¡¡genus¡¡humanum¡¡primum¡¡mollescere¡¡coepit¡£¡¡In¡¡his¡¡

marvellous¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡sketch¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡evolution¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡man£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡nothing¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡illustrates¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡

forcibly¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡prescience¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Lucretius¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡picture¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡growth¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

sympathy£º¡¡¡¨When¡¡with¡¡cries¡¡and¡¡gestures¡¡they¡¡taught¡¡with¡¡broken¡¡words¡¡

that¡¡'tis¡¡right¡¡for¡¡all¡¡men¡¡to¡¡have¡¡pity¡¡on¡¡the¡¡weak¡£¡¨¡¡I¡¡heard¡¡the¡¡well¡­known¡¡

medical¡¡historian£»¡¡the¡¡late¡¡Dr¡£¡¡Payne£»¡¡remark¡¡that¡¡¡¨the¡¡basis¡¡of¡¡medicine¡¡is¡¡

sympathy¡¡and¡¡the¡¡desire¡¡to¡¡help¡¡others£»¡¡and¡¡whatever¡¡is¡¡done¡¡with¡¡this¡¡end¡¡

must¡¡be¡¡called¡¡medicine¡£¡¨¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡first¡¡lessons¡¡came¡¡to¡¡primitive¡¡man¡¡by¡¡injuries£»¡¡accidents£»¡¡bites¡¡of¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡11¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡12¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡EVOLUTION¡¡OF¡¡MODERN¡¡MEDICINE¡¡



beasts¡¡and¡¡serpents£»¡¡perhaps¡¡for¡¡long¡¡ages¡¡not¡¡appreciated¡¡by¡¡his¡¡childlike¡¡

mind£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡but£»¡¡¡¡¡¡little¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡little£»¡¡¡¡such¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡experiences¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡crystallized¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡into¡¡¡¡¡¡useful¡¡

knowledge¡£¡¡The¡¡experiments¡¡of¡¡nature¡¡made¡¡clear¡¡to¡¡him¡¡the¡¡relation¡¡of¡¡

cause¡¡and¡¡effect£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡is¡¡not¡¡likely£»¡¡as¡¡Pliny¡¡suggests£»¡¡that¡¡he¡¡picked¡¡up¡¡

his¡¡earliest¡¡knowledge¡¡from¡¡the¡¡observation¡¡of¡¡certain¡¡practices¡¡in¡¡animals£»¡¡

as¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡natural¡¡¡¡¡¡phlebotomy¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡plethoric¡¡¡¡¡¡hippopotamus£»¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡use¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

emetics¡¡from¡¡the¡¡dog£»¡¡or¡¡the¡¡use¡¡of¡¡enemata¡¡from¡¡the¡¡ibis¡£¡¡On¡¡the¡¡other¡¡

hand£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Celsus¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡probably¡¡¡¡¡¡right¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡account¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡origin¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡rational¡¡

medicine¡£¡¡¡¨Some¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sick¡¡on¡¡account¡¡of¡¡their¡¡eagerness¡¡took¡¡food¡¡¡¡on¡¡

the¡¡¡¡¡¡first¡¡¡¡¡¡day£»¡¡¡¡¡¡some¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡account¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡loathing¡¡¡¡¡¡abstained£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡disease¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡

those¡¡who¡¡refrained¡¡was¡¡more¡¡relieved¡£¡¡Some¡¡ate¡¡during¡¡a¡¡fever£»¡¡some¡¡a¡¡

little¡¡before¡¡it£»¡¡others¡¡after¡¡it¡¡had¡¡subsided£»¡¡and¡¡those¡¡who¡¡had¡¡waited¡¡to¡¡

the¡¡end¡¡did¡¡best¡£¡¡For¡¡the¡¡same¡¡reason¡¡some¡¡at¡¡the¡¡beginning¡¡of¡¡an¡¡illness¡¡

used¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡full¡¡¡¡diet£»¡¡¡¡others¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡spare£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡former¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡made¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡worse¡£¡¡

Occurring¡¡daily£»¡¡such¡¡things¡¡impressed¡¡careful¡¡men£»¡¡who¡¡noted¡¡what¡¡had¡¡

best¡¡helped¡¡the¡¡sick£»¡¡then¡¡began¡¡to¡¡prescribe¡¡them¡£¡¡In¡¡this¡¡way¡¡medicine¡¡

had¡¡its¡¡rise¡¡from¡¡the¡¡experience¡¡of¡¡the¡¡recovery¡¡of¡¡some£»¡¡of¡¡the¡¡death¡¡of¡¡

others£»¡¡distinguishing¡¡the¡¡hurtful¡¡from¡¡the¡¡salutary¡¡things¡¨¡¡£¨Book¡¡I£©¡£¡¡The¡¡

association¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡ideas¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡suggestivethe¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡plant¡¡¡¡¡¡eyebright¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡used¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡

centuries¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡diseases¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡eye¡¡¡¡¡¡because¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡black¡¡¡¡¡¡speck¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡flower¡¡

suggested¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡pupil¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡eye¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡old¡¡¡¡¡¡herbals¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡full¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡similar¡¡

illustrations¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡upon¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡which£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡indeed£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡so¡­called¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡doctrine¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡signatures¡¡

depends¡£¡¡Observation¡¡came£»¡¡and¡¡with¡¡it¡¡an¡¡ever¡¡widening¡¡experience¡£¡¡No¡¡

society¡¡so¡¡primitive¡¡without¡¡some¡¡evidence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡existence¡¡of¡¡a¡¡healing¡¡

art£»¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡grew¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡¡¡growth£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡became¡¡¡¡¡¡part¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡fabric¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡

organization¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡With¡¡primitive¡¡medicine£»¡¡as¡¡such£»¡¡I¡¡cannot¡¡deal£»¡¡but¡¡I¡¡must¡¡refer¡¡to¡¡the¡¡

oldest¡¡existing¡¡evidence¡¡of¡¡a¡¡very¡¡extraordinary¡¡practice£»¡¡that¡¡of¡¡trephining¡£¡¡

Neolithic¡¡skulls¡¡with¡¡disks¡¡of¡¡bone¡¡removed¡¡have¡¡been¡¡found¡¡in¡¡nearly¡¡all¡¡

parts¡¡of¡¡the¡¡world¡£¡¡Many¡¡careful¡¡studies¡¡have¡¡been¡¡made¡¡of¡¡this¡¡procedure£»¡¡

particularly¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡great¡¡¡¡¡¡anatomist¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡surgeon£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Paul¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Broca£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡M¡£¡¡

Lucas¡­Championniere¡¡has¡¡covered¡¡the¡¡subject¡¡in¡¡a¡¡monograph¡££§2£§¡¡¡¡Broca¡¡

suggests¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡trephining¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡done¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡scratching¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡scraping£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but£»¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡

Lucas¡­Championniere¡¡holds£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡also¡¡done¡¡by¡¡a¡¡series¡¡of¡¡perforations¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡12¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡13¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡EVOLUTION¡¡OF¡¡MODERN¡¡MEDICINE¡¡



made¡¡in¡¡a¡¡circle¡¡with¡¡flint¡¡instruments£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡round¡¡piece¡¡of¡¡skull¡¡in¡¡this¡¡

way¡¡removed£»¡¡traces¡¡of¡¡these¡¡drill¡­holes¡¡have¡¡been¡¡found¡£¡¡The¡¡operation¡¡

was¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡done¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡epilepsy£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡infantile¡¡¡¡¡¡convulsions£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡headache£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡various¡¡

cerebral¡¡diseases¡¡believed¡¡to¡¡be¡¡caused¡¡by¡¡confined¡¡demons£»¡¡to¡¡whom¡¡the¡¡

hole¡¡gave¡¡a¡¡ready¡¡method¡¡of¡¡escape¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§2£§¡¡Lucas¡­Championniere£º¡¡Trepanation¡¡neolithique£»¡¡Paris£»¡¡1912¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡practice¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡still¡¡¡¡extant¡£¡¡¡¡Lucas¡­Championniere¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡saw¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡Kabyle¡¡
СÌáʾ£º°´ »Ø³µ [Enter] ¼ü ·µ»ØÊéÄ¿£¬°´ ¡û ¼ü ·µ»ØÉÏÒ»Ò³£¬ °´ ¡ú ¼ü ½øÈëÏÂÒ»Ò³¡£ ÔÞһϠÌí¼ÓÊéÇ©¼ÓÈëÊé¼Ü