¡¶the evolution of modern medicine(ÏÖ´úÒ½Ò©µÄÑݱä)¡·

ÏÂÔر¾Êé

Ìí¼ÓÊéÇ©

the evolution of modern medicine(ÏÖ´úÒ½Ò©µÄÑݱä)- µÚ47²¿·Ö


°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡

various¡¡¡¡¡¡organisms¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡described¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡cause£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡sad¡¡

illustrations¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡tragedy¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡associated¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡investigations¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡undertaken¡¡

without¡¡proper¡¡¡¡¡¡training¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡proper¡¡¡¡¡¡technique¡£¡¡¡¡By¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡year¡¡¡¡¡¡1900£»¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡only¡¡

had¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡ground¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡cleared£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡work¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡insect¡­borne¡¡¡¡¡¡disease¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡

Manson¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡Ross¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡given¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡observers¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡important¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡clue¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡¡¡had¡¡

repeatedly¡¡been¡¡suggested¡¡that¡¡some¡¡relation¡¡existed¡¡between¡¡the¡¡bites¡¡of¡¡

mosquitoes¡¡and¡¡the¡¡tropical¡¡fevers£»¡¡particularly¡¡by¡¡that¡¡remarkable¡¡student£»¡¡

Nott¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Mobile£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡French¡¡¡¡¡¡physician£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Beauperthuy¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡first¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡

announce¡¡clearly¡¡the¡¡mosquito¡¡theory¡¡of¡¡the¡¡disease¡¡was¡¡Carlos¡¡Finlay¡¡of¡¡

Havana¡£¡¡Early¡¡in¡¡the¡¡spring¡¡of¡¡1900£»¡¡during¡¡the¡¡occupation¡¡of¡¡Cuba¡¡by¡¡the¡¡

United¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡States£»¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡commission¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡appointed¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡Surgeon¡­General¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Sternberg¡¡

£¨himself¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡most¡¡energetic¡¡students¡¡of¡¡the¡¡disease£©¡¡undertook¡¡fresh¡¡

investigations¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Dr¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Walter¡¡¡¡¡¡Reed£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Professor¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Bacteriology¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Army¡¡

Medical¡¡¡¡¡¡School£»¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡placed¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡charge£º¡¡¡¡¡¡Dr¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Carroll¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡United¡¡¡¡¡¡States¡¡

Army£»¡¡Dr¡£¡¡Agramonte¡¡of¡¡Havana¡¡and¡¡Dr¡£¡¡Jesse¡¡W¡£¡¡Lazear¡¡were¡¡the¡¡other¡¡

members¡£¡¡At¡¡the¡¡Johns¡¡Hopkins¡¡Hospital£»¡¡we¡¡were¡¡deeply¡¡interested¡¡in¡¡the¡¡

work£»¡¡as¡¡Dr¡£¡¡Walter¡¡Reed¡¡was¡¡a¡¡favorite¡¡pupil¡¡of¡¡Professor¡¡Welch£»¡¡a¡¡warm¡¡

friend¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡us£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡frequent¡¡¡¡¡¡visitor¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡our¡¡¡¡¡¡laboratories¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Dr¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Jesse¡¡

Lazear£»¡¡who¡¡had¡¡been¡¡my¡¡house¡¡physician£»¡¡had¡¡worked¡¡with¡¡Dr¡£¡¡Thayer¡¡

and¡¡myself¡¡at¡¡malaria£»¡¡and¡¡gave¡¡up¡¡the¡¡charge¡¡of¡¡my¡¡clinical¡¡laboratory¡¡to¡¡

join¡¡the¡¡commission¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§5£§¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Matthew¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Carey£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡¡¡¡¡Short¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Account¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Malignant¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Fever£»¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡167¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡168¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡EVOLUTION¡¡OF¡¡MODERN¡¡MEDICINE¡¡



Philadelphia£»¡¡1793¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§6£§¡¡R¡£¡¡La¡¡Roche£º¡¡Yellow¡¡Fever£»¡¡2¡¡vols¡££»¡¡Philadelphia£»¡¡1855¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Many¡¡¡¡¡¡scientific¡¡¡¡¡¡discoveries¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡afforded¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡brilliant¡¡¡¡¡¡illustrations¡¡¡¡of¡¡

method¡¡in¡¡research£»¡¡but¡¡in¡¡the¡¡work¡¡of¡¡these¡¡men¡¡one¡¡is¡¡at¡¡a¡¡loss¡¡to¡¡know¡¡

which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡admire¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡morethe¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡remarkable¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡accuracy¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡precision¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡

experiments£»¡¡or¡¡the¡¡heroism¡¡of¡¡the¡¡menofficers¡¡and¡¡rank¡¡and¡¡file¡¡of¡¡the¡¡

United¡¡States¡¡Army£»¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡knew¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡the¡¡time¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡playing¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡

death£»¡¡and¡¡some¡¡of¡¡them¡¡had¡¡to¡¡pay¡¡the¡¡penalty£¡¡¡The¡¡demonstration¡¡was¡¡

successfulbeyond¡¡¡¡¡¡peradventurethat¡¡¡¡¡¡yellow¡¡¡¡¡¡fever¡¡¡¡¡¡could¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡transmitted¡¡

by¡¡mosquitoes£»¡¡and¡¡equally¡¡the¡¡negative¡¡proposition¡¡that¡¡it¡¡could¡¡not¡¡be¡¡

transmitted¡¡by¡¡fomites¡£¡¡An¡¡interval¡¡of¡¡twelve¡¡or¡¡more¡¡days¡¡was¡¡found¡¡to¡¡

be¡¡necessary¡¡after¡¡the¡¡mosquito¡¡has¡¡bitten¡¡a¡¡yellow¡¡fever¡¡patient¡¡before¡¡it¡¡

is¡¡¡¡¡¡capable¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡transmitting¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡infection¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Lazear¡¡¡¡¡¡permitted¡¡¡¡¡¡himself¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡

bitten¡¡by¡¡a¡¡stray¡¡mosquito¡¡while¡¡conducting¡¡his¡¡experiments¡¡in¡¡the¡¡yellow¡¡

fever¡¡hospital¡£¡¡Bitten¡¡on¡¡the¡¡thirteenth£»¡¡he¡¡sickened¡¡on¡¡the¡¡eighteenth¡¡and¡¡

died¡¡on¡¡the¡¡twenty¡­fifth¡¡of¡¡September£»¡¡but¡¡not¡¡until¡¡he¡¡had¡¡succeeded¡¡in¡¡

showing¡¡in¡¡two¡¡instances¡¡that¡¡mosquitoes¡¡could¡¡convey¡¡the¡¡infection¡£¡¡He¡¡

added¡¡another¡¡to¡¡the¡¡long¡¡list¡¡of¡¡members¡¡of¡¡the¡¡profession¡¡who¡¡have¡¡laid¡¡

down¡¡their¡¡lives¡¡in¡¡search¡¡of¡¡the¡¡causes¡¡of¡¡disease¡£¡¡Of¡¡such¡¡men¡¡as¡¡Lazear¡¡

and¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Myers¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Liverpool¡¡¡¡¡¡Yellow¡­Fever¡¡¡¡¡¡Commission£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Dutton¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

young¡¡Manson£»¡¡may¡¡fitly¡¡be¡¡sung¡¡from¡¡the¡¡noblest¡¡of¡¡American¡¡poems¡¡the¡¡

tribute¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Lowell¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡paid¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡Harvard's¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡sons¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡fell¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡War¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

Secession£º¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Many¡¡in¡¡sad¡¡faith¡¡sought¡¡for¡¡her£»¡¡Many¡¡with¡¡crossed¡¡hands¡¡sighed¡¡for¡¡

her£»¡¡But¡¡these£»¡¡our¡¡brothers£»¡¡fought¡¡for¡¡her£»¡¡At¡¡life's¡¡dear¡¡peril¡¡wrought¡¡for¡¡

her£»¡¡So¡¡loved¡¡her¡¡that¡¡they¡¡died¡¡for¡¡her¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Fortunately£»¡¡the¡¡commander¡­in¡­chief¡¡at¡¡the¡¡time¡¡in¡¡Cuba¡¡was¡¡General¡¡

Leonard¡¡Wood£»¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡army¡¡¡¡surgeon£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡first¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡

appreciate¡¡the¡¡importance¡¡of¡¡the¡¡discovery¡£¡¡The¡¡sanitation¡¡of¡¡Havana¡¡was¡¡

placed¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡hands¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Dr¡£¡¡¡¡Gorgas£»¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡within¡¡¡¡¡¡nine¡¡¡¡months¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡city¡¡¡¡was¡¡

cleared¡¡of¡¡yellow¡¡fever£»¡¡and£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡exception¡¡of¡¡a¡¡slight¡¡outbreak¡¡after¡¡

the¡¡¡¡¡¡withdrawal¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡American¡¡¡¡¡¡troops£»¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡since¡¡¡¡¡¡remained¡¡¡¡¡¡free¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡

disease¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡scourge¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡centuries¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡As¡¡¡¡¡¡General¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Wood¡¡

remarked£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨Reed's¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡discovery¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡resulted¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡saving¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡lives¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡168¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡169¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡EVOLUTION¡¡OF¡¡MODERN¡¡MEDICINE¡¡



annually¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡lost¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Cuban¡¡¡¡¡¡War£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡saves¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡commercial¡¡

interest¡¡of¡¡the¡¡world¡¡a¡¡greater¡¡financial¡¡loss¡¡each¡¡year¡¡than¡¡the¡¡cost¡¡of¡¡the¡¡

Cuban¡¡War¡£¡¡He¡¡came¡¡to¡¡Cuba¡¡at¡¡a¡¡time¡¡when¡¡one¡¡third¡¡of¡¡the¡¡officers¡¡of¡¡

my¡¡staff¡¡died¡¡of¡¡yellow¡¡fever£»¡¡and¡¡we¡¡were¡¡discouraged¡¡at¡¡the¡¡failure¡¡of¡¡

our¡¡efforts¡¡to¡¡control¡¡it¡£¡¨¡¡Following¡¡the¡¡example¡¡of¡¡Havana¡¡other¡¡centres¡¡

were¡¡attacked£»¡¡at¡¡Vera¡¡Cruz¡¡and¡¡in¡¡Brazil£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡same¡¡success£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡is¡¡

safe¡¡to¡¡say¡¡that¡¡now£»¡¡thanks¡¡to¡¡the¡¡researches¡¡of¡¡Reed¡¡and¡¡his¡¡colleagues£»¡¡

with¡¡proper¡¡measures£»¡¡no¡¡country¡¡need¡¡fear¡¡a¡¡paralyzing¡¡outbreak¡¡of¡¡this¡¡

once¡¡dreaded¡¡disease¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡scientific¡¡¡¡¡¡researches¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡last¡¡¡¡¡¡two¡¡¡¡¡¡decades¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡nineteenth¡¡

century¡¡made¡¡possible¡¡the¡¡completion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Panama¡¡Canal¡£¡¡The¡¡narrow¡¡

isthmus¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡separating¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡two¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡great¡¡¡¡¡¡oceans¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡joining¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡two¡¡¡¡¡¡great¡¡

continents£»¡¡has¡¡borne¡¡for¡¡four¡¡centuries¡¡an¡¡evil¡¡repute¡¡as¡¡the¡¡White¡¡Man's¡¡

Grave¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Silent¡¡¡¡¡¡upon¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡peak¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Darien£»¡¡¡¡¡¡stout¡¡¡¡¡¡Cortez¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡eagle¡¡¡¡¡¡eye¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡

gazed¡¡on¡¡the¡¡Pacific¡£¡¡As¡¡early¡¡as¡¡1520£»¡¡Saavedra¡¡proposed¡¡to¡¡cut¡¡a¡¡canal¡¡

through¡¡the¡¡Isthmus¡£¡¡There¡¡the¡¡first¡¡city¡¡was¡¡founded¡¡by¡¡the¡¡conquerors¡¡of¡¡

the¡¡new¡¡world£»¡¡which¡¡still¡¡bears¡¡the¡¡name¡¡of¡¡Panama¡£¡¡Spaniards£»¡¡English¡¡

and¡¡¡¡¡¡French¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡fought¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡along¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡coasts£»¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡founder¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡Bank¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

England¡¡took¡¡his¡¡ill¡­fated¡¡colony£»¡¡Raleigh£»¡¡Drake£»¡¡Morgan¡¡the¡¡buccaneer£»¡¡

and¡¡scores¡¡of¡¡adventurers¡¡seeking¡¡gold£»¡¡found¡¡in¡¡fever¡¡an¡¡enemy¡¡stronger¡¡

than¡¡the¡¡Spaniard¡£¡¡For¡¡years¡¡the¡¡plague¡­stricken¡¡Isthmus¡¡was¡¡abandoned¡¡to¡¡

the¡¡negroes¡¡and¡¡the¡¡half¡­breeds£»¡¡until¡¡in¡¡1849£»¡¡stimulated¡¡by¡¡the¡¡gold¡¡fever¡¡

of¡¡California£»¡¡a¡¡railway¡¡was¡¡begun¡¡by¡¡the¡¡American¡¡engineers£»¡¡Totten¡¡and¡¡

Trautwine£»¡¡and¡¡completed¡¡in¡¡1855£»¡¡a¡¡railway¡¡every¡¡tie¡¡of¡¡which¡¡cost¡¡the¡¡

life¡¡of¡¡a¡¡man¡£¡¡The¡¡dream¡¡of¡¡navigators¡¡and¡¡practical¡¡engineers¡¡was¡¡taken¡¡

in¡¡hand¡¡by¡¡Ferdinand¡¡de¡¡Lesseps¡¡in¡¡January£»¡¡1881¡£¡¡The¡¡story¡¡of¡¡the¡¡French¡¡

Canal¡¡¡¡¡¡Company¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡tragedy¡¡¡¡unparalleled¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡history¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡finance£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and£»¡¡

one¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡add£»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡ravages¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡tropical¡¡¡¡¡¡disease¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Yellow¡¡¡¡¡¡fever£»¡¡¡¡¡¡malaria£»¡¡

dysentery£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡typhus£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡carried¡¡¡¡¡¡off¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡nine¡¡¡¡¡¡years¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡nearly¡¡¡¡¡¡twenty¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡thousand¡¡

employees¡£¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡mortality¡¡¡¡¡¡frequently¡¡¡¡¡¡rose¡¡¡¡¡¡above¡¡¡¡¡¡100£»¡¡¡¡¡¡sometimes¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡130£»¡¡

140¡¡and¡¡in¡¡September£»¡¡1885£»¡¡it¡¡reached¡¡the¡¡appalling¡¡figure¡¡of¡¡176¡£97¡¡per¡¡

thousand¡¡¡¡¡¡work¡¡¡¡¡¡people¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡This¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡about¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡maximum¡¡¡¡¡¡death¡¡¡¡¡¡rate¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

British¡¡Army¡¡in¡¡the¡¡West¡¡Indies¡¡in¡¡the¡¡nineteenth¡¡century¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡When£»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡1904£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡United¡¡¡¡¡¡States¡¡¡¡¡¡undertook¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡complete¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Canal£»¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡169¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡170¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡EVOLUTION¡¡OF¡¡MODERN¡¡MEDICINE¡¡



everyone¡¡felt¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡success¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡failure¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡largely¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡matter¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡sanitary¡¡

control¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡necessary¡¡¡¡¡¡knowledge¡¡¡¡¡¡existed£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡under¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡circumstances¡¡

could¡¡it¡¡be¡¡made¡¡effective£¿¡¡Many¡¡were¡¡doubtful¡£¡¡Fortunately£»¡¡there¡¡was¡¡at¡¡

the¡¡¡¡¡¡time¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡United¡¡¡¡¡¡States¡¡¡¡¡¡Army¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡man¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡already¡¡¡¡¡¡served¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡

apprenticeship¡¡in¡¡Cuba£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡whom¡¡more¡¡than¡¡to¡¡anyone¡¡else¡¡was¡¡due¡¡

the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡disappearance¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡yellow¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡fever¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡island¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡To¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡man£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

profession¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡United¡¡¡¡¡¡States¡¡¡¡¡¡felt¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡could¡¡¡¡¡¡Dr¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Gorgas¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡given¡¡¡¡¡¡full¡¡

control¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡sanitary¡¡¡¡¡¡affairs¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Panama¡¡¡¡¡¡Zone£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡health¡¡¡¡¡¡problem£»¡¡

which¡¡¡¡¡¡meant¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Canal¡¡¡¡¡¡problem£»¡¡¡¡¡¡could¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡solved¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡There¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡first¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡

serious¡¡¡¡¡¡difficulty¡¡¡¡¡¡relating¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡necessary¡¡¡¡¡¡administrative¡¡¡¡¡¡control¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡

sanitary¡¡officer¡£¡¡In¡¡an¡¡interview¡¡which¡¡Dr¡£¡¡Welch¡¡and¡¡I¡¡had¡¡with¡¡President¡¡

Roosevelt£»¡¡he¡¡keenly¡¡felt¡¡this¡¡difficulty¡¡and¡¡promised¡¡to¡¡do¡¡his¡¡best¡¡to¡¡have¡¡

it¡¡rectified¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡an¡¡open¡¡secret¡¡that¡¡at¡¡first£»¡¡as¡¡was¡¡perhaps¡¡only¡¡natural£»¡¡

matters¡¡¡¡¡¡did¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡go¡¡¡¡¡¡very¡¡¡¡¡¡smoothly£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡took¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡year¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡get¡¡

properly¡¡organized¡£¡¡Yellow¡¡fever¡¡recurred¡¡on¡¡the¡¡Isthmus¡¡in¡¡1904¡¡and¡¡in¡¡

the¡¡early¡¡part¡¡of¡¡1905¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡really¡¡a¡¡colossal¡¡task¡¡in¡¡itself¡¡to¡¡undertake¡¡

the¡¡cleaning¡¡of¡¡the¡¡city¡¡of¡¡Panama£»¡¡which¡¡had¡¡been¡¡for¡¡centuries¡¡a¡¡pest¡­¡¡

house£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡mortality¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡which£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡even¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡after¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡American¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡occupation£»¡¡

reached¡¡during¡¡one¡¡month¡¡the¡¡rate¡¡of¡¡71¡¡per¡¡thousand¡¡living¡£¡¡There¡¡have¡¡

been¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡great¡¡¡¡¡¡many¡¡¡¡¡¡brilliant¡¡¡¡¡¡illustrations¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡practical¡¡¡¡¡¡application¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

science¡¡in¡¡preserving¡¡the¡¡health¡¡of¡¡a¡¡community¡¡and¡¡in¡¡saving¡¡life£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡is¡¡

safe¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡say¡¡¡¡that£»¡¡¡¡¡¡considering¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡circumstances£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡past¡¡¡¡¡¡history£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

extraordinary¡¡difficulties¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡be¡¡¡¡overcome£»¡¡the¡¡¡¡work¡¡accomplished¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡the¡¡

Isthmian¡¡¡¡¡¡Canal¡¡¡¡¡¡Commission¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡unique¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡year¡¡¡¡¡¡1905¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡devoted¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡

organization£»¡¡yellow¡¡fever¡¡was¡¡got¡¡rid¡¡of£»¡¡and¡¡at¡¡the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡the¡¡year¡¡the¡¡

total¡¡mortality¡¡among¡¡the¡¡whites¡¡had¡¡fallen¡¡to¡¡8¡¡per¡¡thousand£»¡¡but¡¡among¡¡

the¡¡¡¡¡¡blacks¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡still¡¡¡¡¡¡high£»¡¡¡¡¡¡44¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡For¡¡¡¡¡¡three¡¡¡¡¡¡years£»¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡progressively¡¡

increasing¡¡¡¡¡¡staff¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡risen¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡above¡¡¡¡¡¡40£»000£»¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡whom¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡

12£»000¡¡were¡¡white£»¡¡the¡¡death¡¡rate¡¡progressively¡¡fell¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Of¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡six¡¡¡¡important¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡tropical¡¡¡¡¡¡diseases£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡plagu
СÌáʾ£º°´ »Ø³µ [Enter] ¼ü ·µ»ØÊéÄ¿£¬°´ ¡û ¼ü ·µ»ØÉÏÒ»Ò³£¬ °´ ¡ú ¼ü ½øÈëÏÂÒ»Ò³¡£ ÔÞһϠÌí¼ÓÊéÇ©¼ÓÈëÊé¼Ü