¡¶the evolution of modern medicine(ÏÖ´úÒ½Ò©µÄÑݱä)¡·

ÏÂÔر¾Êé

Ìí¼ÓÊéÇ©

the evolution of modern medicine(ÏÖ´úÒ½Ò©µÄÑݱä)- µÚ7²¿·Ö


°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡

Apollonius¡¡of¡¡Tyana£»£§16£§¡¡accused¡¡of¡¡human¡¡hepatoscopy¡¡by¡¡sacrificing¡¡a¡¡

boy¡¡in¡¡the¡¡practice¡¡of¡¡magic¡¡arts¡¡against¡¡the¡¡Emperor¡£¡¡¡¨The¡¡liver£»¡¡which¡¡

the¡¡experts¡¡say¡¡is¡¡the¡¡very¡¡tripod¡¡of¡¡their¡¡art£»¡¡does¡¡not¡¡consist¡¡of¡¡pure¡¡blood£»¡¡

for¡¡the¡¡heart¡¡retains¡¡all¡¡the¡¡uncontaminated¡¡blood£»¡¡and¡¡irrigates¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡

body¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡conduits¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡arteries£»¡¡¡¡¡¡whereas¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡gall£»¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡

situated¡¡next¡¡the¡¡liver£»¡¡is¡¡stimulated¡¡by¡¡anger¡¡and¡¡depressed¡¡by¡¡fear¡¡into¡¡

the¡¡hollows¡¡of¡¡the¡¡liver¡£¡¨¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡We¡¡have¡¡seen¡¡how¡¡early¡¡and¡¡how¡¡widespread¡¡was¡¡the¡¡belief¡¡in¡¡amulets¡¡

and¡¡charms¡¡against¡¡the¡¡occult¡¡powers¡¡of¡¡darkness¡£¡¡One¡¡that¡¡has¡¡persisted¡¡

with¡¡¡¡¡¡extraordinary¡¡¡¡¡¡tenacity¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡belief¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Evil¡¡¡¡¡¡Eye¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡power¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡23¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡24¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡EVOLUTION¡¡OF¡¡MODERN¡¡MEDICINE¡¡



certain¡¡¡¡¡¡individuals¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡injure¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡look¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Of¡¡¡¡¡¡general¡¡¡¡¡¡belief¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡older¡¡

civilizations£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡referred¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡several¡¡¡¡¡¡places¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Bible£»¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡passed¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡

Greece¡¡and¡¡Rome£»¡¡and¡¡today¡¡is¡¡still¡¡held¡¡fervently¡¡in¡¡many¡¡parts¡¡of¡¡Europe¡£¡¡

The¡¡¡¡sign¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨le¡¡¡¡corna£»¡¨the¡¡¡¡¡¡first¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡fourth¡¡¡¡¡¡fingers¡¡¡¡¡¡extended£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡others¡¡

turned¡¡down¡¡and¡¡the¡¡thumb¡¡closed¡¡over¡¡them£»still¡¡used¡¡against¡¡the¡¡Evil¡¡

Eye¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡Italy£»¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡mystic¡¡¡¡¡¡sign¡¡¡¡¡¡used¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Romans¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡festival¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

Lemuralia¡£¡¡And¡¡we¡¡meet¡¡with¡¡the¡¡belief¡¡also¡¡in¡¡this¡¡country¡£¡¡A¡¡child¡¡with¡¡

hemiplegia£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Infirmary¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡Diseases¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Nervous¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡System£»¡¡

Philadelphia£»¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡central¡¡¡¡¡¡part¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Pennsylvania£»¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡believed¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡

parents¡¡to¡¡have¡¡had¡¡the¡¡Evil¡¡Eye¡¡cast¡¡upon¡¡it¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡second¡¡contribution¡¡of¡¡Babylonia¡¡and¡¡Assyria¡¡to¡¡medicine¡¡one¡¡

that¡¡affected¡¡mankind¡¡profoundlyrelates¡¡to¡¡the¡¡supposed¡¡influence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡

heavenly¡¡bodies¡¡upon¡¡man's¡¡welfare¡£¡¡A¡¡belief¡¡that¡¡the¡¡stars¡¡in¡¡their¡¡courses¡¡

fought¡¡for¡¡or¡¡against¡¡him¡¡arose¡¡early¡¡in¡¡their¡¡civilizations£»¡¡and¡¡directly¡¡out¡¡

of¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡studies¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡astrology¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡mathematics¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Macrocosm£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

heavens¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨declare¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡glory¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡God£»¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡reflect£»¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡mirror£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

Microcosm£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡daily¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡life¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡man¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡earth¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡first¡¡¡¡step¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

identification¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡sun£»¡¡¡¡moon¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡stars¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡gods¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡pantheon¡£¡¡

Assyrian¡¡astronomical¡¡observations¡¡show¡¡an¡¡extraordinary¡¡development¡¡of¡¡

practical¡¡¡¡¡¡knowledge¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡movements¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡sun¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡moon¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

planets¡¡were¡¡studied£»¡¡the¡¡Assyrians¡¡knew¡¡the¡¡precession¡¡of¡¡the¡¡equinoxes¡¡

and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡many¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡fundamental¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡laws¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡astronomy£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡modern¡¡

nomenclature¡¡¡¡¡¡dates¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡findings¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡days¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡signs¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

zodiac¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡corresponded¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡practically¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡twelve¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡constellations¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡whose¡¡

names¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡still¡¡¡¡¡¡bear£»¡¡¡¡¡¡each¡¡¡¡¡¡division¡¡¡¡¡¡being¡¡¡¡¡¡represented¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡symbol¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

some¡¡¡¡¡¡god£»¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Scorpion£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Ram£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Twins£»¡¡¡¡¡¡etc¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨Changes¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

heavens¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡portended¡¡changes¡¡on¡¡earth¡£¡¡The¡¡Biblical¡¡expression¡¡'hosts¡¡of¡¡

heaven'¡¡for¡¡the¡¡starry¡¡universe¡¡admirably¡¡reflects¡¡the¡¡conception¡¡held¡¡by¡¡

the¡¡Babylonian¡¡astrologers¡£¡¡Moon£»¡¡planets¡¡and¡¡stars¡¡constituted¡¡an¡¡army¡¡in¡¡

constant¡¡activity£»¡¡executing¡¡military¡¡manoeuvres¡¡which¡¡were¡¡the¡¡result¡¡of¡¡

deliberation¡¡and¡¡which¡¡had¡¡in¡¡view¡¡a¡¡fixed¡¡purpose¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡the¡¡function¡¡of¡¡

the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡priest¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡barqu£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡'inspector£»'¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡astrologer¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡well¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡the¡¡

'inspector'¡¡of¡¡the¡¡liver¡¡was¡¡calledto¡¡discover¡¡this¡¡purpose¡£¡¡In¡¡order¡¡to¡¡do¡¡

so£»¡¡a¡¡system¡¡of¡¡interpretation¡¡was¡¡evolved£»¡¡less¡¡logical¡¡and¡¡less¡¡elaborate¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡24¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡25¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡EVOLUTION¡¡OF¡¡MODERN¡¡MEDICINE¡¡



than¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡system¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡hepatoscopy£»¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡analyzed¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡preceding¡¡

chapter£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡nevertheless¡¡¡¡¡¡meriting¡¡¡¡¡¡attention¡¡¡¡¡¡both¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡example¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

pathetic¡¡¡¡yearning¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡men¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡peer¡¡¡¡into¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡minds¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡gods£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡

influence¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡Babylonian¡­Assyrian¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡astrology¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡exerted¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡throughout¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

ancient¡¡world¡¨¡¡£¨Jastrow£©¡££§17£§¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§16£§¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Philostratus£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Apollonius¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Tyana£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Bk¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡VIII£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Chap¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡VII£»¡¡

Phillimore's¡¡¡¡¡¡transl¡££»¡¡¡¡¡¡Oxford£»¡¡¡¡¡¡1912£»¡¡¡¡¡¡II£»¡¡¡¡¡¡233¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡See£»¡¡¡¡¡¡also£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Justin£º¡¡¡¡¡¡Apologies£»¡¡

edited¡¡by¡¡Louis¡¡Pautigny£»¡¡Paris£»¡¡1904£»¡¡p¡£¡¡39¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§17£§¡¡M¡£¡¡Jastrow£º¡¡Aspects¡¡of¡¡Religious¡¡Belief¡¡and¡¡Practice¡¡in¡¡Babylonia¡¡

and¡¡Assyria£»¡¡New¡¡York£»¡¡1911£»¡¡p¡£¡¡210¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡With¡¡the¡¡rationalizing¡¡influence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Persians¡¡the¡¡hold¡¡of¡¡astrology¡¡

weakened£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡according¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡Jastrow¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡this£»¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡combination¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡

Hebrew¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡Greek¡¡¡¡¡¡modes¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡thought£»¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡led¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡priests¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡three¡¡

centuries¡¡following¡¡the¡¡Persian¡¡occupation£»¡¡to¡¡exchange¡¡their¡¡profession¡¡of¡¡

diviners¡¡for¡¡that¡¡of¡¡astronomers£»¡¡and¡¡this£»¡¡he¡¡says£»¡¡marks¡¡the¡¡beginning¡¡of¡¡

the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡conflict¡¡¡¡¡¡between¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡religion¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡science¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡At¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡first¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡expression¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

primitive¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨science£»¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡astrology¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡became¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡superstition£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

human¡¡mind¡¡has¡¡not¡¡yet¡¡escaped¡£¡¡In¡¡contrast¡¡to¡¡divination£»¡¡astrology¡¡does¡¡

not¡¡¡¡¡¡seem¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡made¡¡¡¡¡¡much¡¡¡¡¡¡impression¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Hebrews¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡definite¡¡

references¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Bible¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡scanty¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡From¡¡¡¡¡¡Babylonia¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡passed¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡Greece¡¡

£¨without£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡however£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡exerting¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡any¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡particular¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡influence¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡upon¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Greek¡¡

medicine£©¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Our¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡own¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡language¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡rich¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡words¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡astral¡¡¡¡significance¡¡

derived¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Greek£»¡¡e¡£g¡££»¡¡disaster¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡introduction¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡astrology¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡into¡¡¡¡¡¡Europe¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡passing¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡interest¡£¡¡

Apparently¡¡the¡¡Greeks¡¡had¡¡made¡¡important¡¡advances¡¡in¡¡astronomy¡¡before¡¡

coming¡¡in¡¡contact¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Babylonians£»who£»¡¡in¡¡all¡¡probability£»¡¡received¡¡

from¡¡the¡¡former¡¡a¡¡scientific¡¡conception¡¡of¡¡the¡¡universe¡£¡¡¡¨In¡¡Babylonia¡¡and¡¡

Assyria¡¡we¡¡have¡¡astrology¡¡first¡¡and¡¡astronomy¡¡afterwards£»¡¡in¡¡Greece¡¡we¡¡

have¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡sequence¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡reversedastronomy¡¡¡¡¡¡first¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡astrology¡¡¡¡¡¡afterwards¡¨¡¡

£¨Jastrow£©¡££§18£§¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§18£§¡¡M¡£¡¡Jastrow£º¡¡Aspects¡¡of¡¡Religious¡¡Belief¡¡and¡¡Practice¡¡in¡¡Babylonia¡¡

and¡¡Assyria£»¡¡New¡¡York£»¡¡1911£»¡¡p¡£¡¡256¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡surprising¡¡to¡¡learn¡¡that£»¡¡previous¡¡to¡¡their¡¡contact¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Greeks£»¡¡

astrology¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡relating¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡individual¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡say£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡reading¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡the¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡25¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡26¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡EVOLUTION¡¡OF¡¡MODERN¡¡MEDICINE¡¡



stars¡¡to¡¡determine¡¡the¡¡conditions¡¡under¡¡which¡¡the¡¡individual¡¡was¡¡bornhad¡¡

no¡¡place¡¡in¡¡the¡¡cult¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Babylonians¡¡and¡¡Assyrians¡£¡¡The¡¡individualistic¡¡

spirit¡¡led¡¡the¡¡Greek¡¡to¡¡make¡¡his¡¡gods¡¡take¡¡note¡¡of¡¡every¡¡action¡¡in¡¡his¡¡life£»¡¡

and¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡preordained¡¡¡¡¡¡fate¡¡¡¡¡¡might¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡read¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡stars¡£¡¨A¡¡¡¡connecting¡¡¡¡¡¡link¡¡

between¡¡the¡¡individual¡¡and¡¡the¡¡movements¡¡in¡¡the¡¡heavens¡¡was¡¡found¡¡in¡¡an¡¡

element¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡shared¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡common¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Both¡¡¡¡¡¡man¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡stars¡¡¡¡¡¡moved¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡

obedience¡¡to¡¡forces¡¡from¡¡which¡¡there¡¡was¡¡no¡¡escape¡£¡¡An¡¡inexorable¡¡law¡¡

controlling¡¡the¡¡planets¡¡corresponded¡¡to¡¡an¡¡equally¡¡inexorable¡¡fate¡¡ordained¡¡

for¡¡every¡¡individual¡¡from¡¡his¡¡birth¡£¡¡Man¡¡was¡¡a¡¡part¡¡of¡¡nature¡¡and¡¡subject¡¡to¡¡

its¡¡¡¡¡¡laws¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡thought¡¡¡¡¡¡could¡¡¡¡¡¡therefore¡¡¡¡¡¡arise¡¡¡¡¡¡that£»¡¡¡¡¡¡if¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡conditions¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

heavens¡¡were¡¡studied¡¡under¡¡which¡¡a¡¡man¡¡was¡¡born£»¡¡that¡¡man's¡¡future¡¡could¡¡

be¡¡determined¡¡in¡¡accord¡¡with¡¡the¡¡beliefs¡¡associated¡¡with¡¡the¡¡position¡¡of¡¡the¡¡

planets¡¡rising¡¡or¡¡visible¡¡at¡¡the¡¡time¡¡of¡¡birth¡¡or£»¡¡according¡¡to¡¡other¡¡views£»¡¡at¡¡

the¡¡time¡¡of¡¡conception¡£¡¡These¡¡views¡¡take¡¡us¡¡back¡¡directly¡¡to¡¡the¡¡system¡¡of¡¡

astrology¡¡developed¡¡by¡¡Babylonian¡¡baru¡¡priests¡£¡¡The¡¡basis¡¡on¡¡which¡¡the¡¡

modified¡¡Greek¡¡system¡¡rests¡¡is¡¡likewise¡¡the¡¡same¡¡that¡¡we¡¡have¡¡observed¡¡in¡¡

Babyloniaa¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡correspondence¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡between¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡heaven¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡earth£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡

important¡¡difference£»¡¡that¡¡instead¡¡of¡¡the¡¡caprice¡¡of¡¡the¡¡gods¡¡we¡¡have¡¡the¡¡

unalterable¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡fate¡¡¡¡controlling¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡entire¡¡¡¡¡¡universethe¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡movements¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡

heavens¡¡and¡¡the¡¡life¡¡of¡¡the¡¡individual¡¡alike¡¨¡¡£¨Jastrow£©¡££§19£§¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§19£§¡¡Ibid¡££»¡¡pp¡£¡¡257¡­258¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡From¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡time¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡until¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Renaissance£»¡¡¡¡¡¡like¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡shadow£»¡¡¡¡¡¡astrology¡¡

follows¡¡astronomy¡£¡¡Regarded¡¡as¡¡two¡¡aspects¡¡of¡¡the¡¡same¡¡subject£»¡¡the¡¡one£»¡¡

natural¡¡¡¡¡¡astrology£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡equivalent¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡astronomy£»¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡concerned¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

study¡¡of¡¡the¡¡heavens£»¡¡the¡¡other£»¡¡judicial¡¡astrology£»¡¡was¡¡concerned¡¡with¡¡the¡¡

casting¡¡of¡¡horoscopes£»¡¡and¡¡reading¡¡in¡¡the¡¡stars¡¡the¡¡fate¡¡of¡¡the¡¡individual¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡As¡¡I¡¡mentioned£»¡¡Greek¡¡science¡¡in¡¡its¡¡palmy¡¡days¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡have¡¡been¡¡

very¡¡free¡¡from¡¡the¡¡bad¡¡features¡¡of¡¡astrology¡£¡¡Gilbert¡¡Murray¡¡remarks¡¡that¡¡

¡¨astrology¡¡fell¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡Hellenistic¡¡mind¡¡as¡¡a¡¡new¡¡disease¡¡falls¡¡upon¡¡some¡¡

remote¡¡¡¡¡¡island¡¡¡¡¡¡people¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Greek¡¡¡¡¡¡conquest¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Roman¡¡¡¡¡¡mind£»¡¡

astrology¡¡¡¡¡¡took¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡prominent¡¡¡¡¡¡role¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡¡¡¡¡came¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡Rome¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡part¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡great¡¡

Hellenizing¡¡movement£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡strength¡¡of¡¡its¡¡growth¡¡may¡¡be¡¡gauged¡¡from¡¡

the¡¡edicts¡¡issued¡¡against¡¡astrologers¡¡as¡¡early¡¡as¡¡the¡¡middle¡¡of¡¡the¡¡second¡¡

century¡¡¡¡¡¡B¡£C¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡introduction¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡recent¡¡¡¡¡¡edition¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Book¡¡¡¡¡¡II¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡26¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡27¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡EVOLUTION¡¡OF¡¡MODERN¡¡MEDICINE¡¡



Astronomicon¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Manilius£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Garrod¡¡¡¡¡¡traces¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡growth¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡cult£»¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡

under¡¡the¡¡Empire¡¡had¡¡an¡¡extraordinary¡¡vogue¡£¡¡¡¨Though¡¡these¡¡£§heavenly£§¡¡

signs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡far¡¡¡¡¡¡removed¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡us£»¡¡¡¡¡¡yet¡¡¡¡does¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡£§the¡¡¡¡god£§¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡so¡¡¡¡make¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡

influences¡¡felt£»¡¡that¡¡they¡¡give¡¡to¡¡nations¡¡their¡¡life¡¡and¡¡their¡¡fate¡¡and¡¡to¡¡each¡¡

man¡¡his¡¡own¡¡character¡£¡¨£§20£§¡¡Oracles¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡sought¡¡on¡¡all¡¡occasions£»¡¡¡¡from¡¡

the¡¡plantin
СÌáʾ£º°´ »Ø³µ [Enter] ¼ü ·µ»ØÊéÄ¿£¬°´ ¡û ¼ü ·µ»ØÉÏÒ»Ò³£¬ °´ ¡ú ¼ü ½øÈëÏÂÒ»Ò³¡£ ÔÞһϠÌí¼ÓÊéÇ©¼ÓÈëÊé¼Ü