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vessel¡¡to¡¡pass¡£¡¡Then¡¡after¡¡having¡¡passed¡¡through¡¡this¡¡country¡¡in¡¡the¡¡forty¡¡

days¡¡which¡¡I¡¡have¡¡said£»¡¡you¡¡will¡¡embark¡¡again¡¡in¡¡another¡¡vessel¡¡and¡¡sail¡¡

for¡¡twelve¡¡days£»¡¡and¡¡after¡¡this¡¡you¡¡will¡¡come¡¡to¡¡a¡¡great¡¡city¡¡called¡¡Meroe¡£¡¡

This¡¡city¡¡is¡¡said¡¡to¡¡be¡¡the¡¡mother¡­city¡¡of¡¡all¡¡the¡¡other¡¡Ethiopians£º¡¡and¡¡they¡¡

who¡¡dwell¡¡in¡¡it¡¡reverence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡gods¡¡Zeus¡¡and¡¡Dionysos¡¡alone£»¡¡and¡¡these¡¡

they¡¡¡¡¡¡greatly¡¡¡¡¡¡honour£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡Oracle¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Zeus¡¡¡¡¡¡established£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

make¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡warlike¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡marches¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡whensoever¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡god¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡commands¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡

prophesyings¡¡and¡¡to¡¡whatsoever¡¡place¡¡he¡¡commands¡£¡¡Sailing¡¡from¡¡this¡¡city¡¡

you¡¡will¡¡come¡¡to¡¡the¡¡¡¨Deserters¡¨¡¡in¡¡another¡¡period¡¡of¡¡time¡¡equal¡¡to¡¡that¡¡in¡¡

which¡¡¡¡¡¡you¡¡¡¡¡¡came¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡Elephantine¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡mother¡­city¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Ethiopians¡£¡¡

Now¡¡the¡¡name¡¡of¡¡these¡¡¡¨Deserters¡¨¡¡is¡¡/Asmach/£»¡¡and¡¡this¡¡word¡¡signifies£»¡¡

when¡¡translated¡¡into¡¡the¡¡tongue¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Hellenes£»¡¡¡¨those¡¡who¡¡stand¡¡on¡¡the¡¡

left¡¡¡¡¡¡hand¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡king¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡These¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡two¡¡¡¡¡¡hundred¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡forty¡¡¡¡¡¡thousand¡¡

Egyptians¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡warrior¡¡¡¡¡¡class£»¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡revolted¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡went¡¡¡¡¡¡over¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡these¡¡

Ethiopians¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡following¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡cause£ºIn¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡reign¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Psammetichos¡¡

garrisons¡¡were¡¡set£»¡¡one¡¡towards¡¡the¡¡Ethiopians¡¡at¡¡the¡¡city¡¡of¡¡Elephantine£»¡¡

another¡¡towards¡¡the¡¡Arabians¡¡and¡¡Assyrians¡¡at¡¡Daphnai¡¡of¡¡Pelusion£»¡¡and¡¡

another¡¡towards¡¡Libya¡¡at¡¡Marea£º¡¡and¡¡even¡¡in¡¡my¡¡own¡¡time¡¡the¡¡garrisons¡¡of¡¡

the¡¡Persians¡¡too¡¡are¡¡ordered¡¡in¡¡the¡¡same¡¡manner¡¡as¡¡these¡¡were¡¡in¡¡the¡¡reign¡¡

of¡¡¡¡¡¡Psammetichos£»¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡both¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡Elephantine¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡Daphnai¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Persians¡¡

have¡¡outposts¡£¡¡The¡¡Egyptians¡¡then¡¡of¡¡whom¡¡I¡¡speak¡¡had¡¡served¡¡as¡¡outposts¡¡

for¡¡¡¡¡¡three¡¡¡¡¡¡years¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡relieved¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡guard£»¡¡¡¡¡¡accordingly¡¡

they¡¡took¡¡counsel¡¡together£»¡¡and¡¡adopting¡¡a¡¡common¡¡plan¡¡they¡¡all¡¡in¡¡a¡¡body¡¡

revolted¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Psammetichos¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡set¡¡¡¡¡¡out¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡Ethiopia¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Hearing¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡

Psammetichos¡¡¡¡¡¡set¡¡¡¡¡¡forth¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡pursuit£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡when¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡came¡¡¡¡¡¡up¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡

entreated¡¡them¡¡much¡¡and¡¡endeavoured¡¡to¡¡persuade¡¡them¡¡not¡¡to¡¡desert¡¡the¡¡



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gods¡¡of¡¡their¡¡country¡¡and¡¡their¡¡children¡¡and¡¡wives£º¡¡upon¡¡which¡¡it¡¡is¡¡said¡¡

that¡¡one¡¡of¡¡them¡¡pointed¡¡to¡¡his¡¡privy¡¡member¡¡and¡¡said¡¡that¡¡wherever¡¡this¡¡

was£»¡¡there¡¡would¡¡they¡¡have¡¡both¡¡children¡¡and¡¡wives¡£¡¡When¡¡these¡¡came¡¡to¡¡

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rewarded¡¡them¡¡as¡¡follows£ºthere¡¡were¡¡certain¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Ethiopians¡¡who¡¡had¡¡

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dwell¡¡in¡¡their¡¡land¡£¡¡So¡¡since¡¡these¡¡men¡¡settled¡¡in¡¡the¡¡land¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Ethiopians£»¡¡

the¡¡Ethiopians¡¡have¡¡come¡¡to¡¡be¡¡of¡¡milder¡¡manners£»¡¡from¡¡having¡¡learnt¡¡the¡¡

customs¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Egyptians¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡Nile¡¡¡¡¡¡then£»¡¡¡¡¡¡besides¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡part¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡¡¡course¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡Egypt£»¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡

known¡¡as¡¡far¡¡as¡¡a¡¡four¡¡months'¡¡journey¡¡by¡¡river¡¡and¡¡land£º¡¡for¡¡that¡¡is¡¡the¡¡

number¡¡of¡¡months¡¡which¡¡are¡¡found¡¡by¡¡reckoning¡¡to¡¡be¡¡spent¡¡in¡¡going¡¡from¡¡

Elephantine¡¡to¡¡these¡¡¡¨Deserters¡¨£º¡¡and¡¡the¡¡river¡¡runs¡¡from¡¡the¡¡West¡¡and¡¡the¡¡

setting¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sun¡£¡¡But¡¡what¡¡comes¡¡after¡¡that¡¡point¡¡no¡¡one¡¡can¡¡clearly¡¡say£»¡¡

for¡¡this¡¡land¡¡is¡¡desert¡¡by¡¡reason¡¡of¡¡the¡¡burning¡¡heat¡£¡¡This¡¡much¡¡however¡¡I¡¡

heard¡¡from¡¡men¡¡of¡¡Kyrene£»¡¡who¡¡told¡¡me¡¡that¡¡they¡¡had¡¡been¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Oracle¡¡

of¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Ammon£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡come¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡speech¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Etearchos¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡king¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

Ammonians£º¡¡and¡¡it¡¡happened¡¡that¡¡after¡¡speaking¡¡of¡¡other¡¡matters¡¡they¡¡fell¡¡

to¡¡discourse¡¡about¡¡the¡¡Nile¡¡and¡¡how¡¡no¡¡one¡¡knew¡¡the¡¡sources¡¡of¡¡it£»¡¡and¡¡

Etearchos¡¡said¡¡that¡¡once¡¡there¡¡came¡¡to¡¡him¡¡men¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Nasamonians¡¡£¨this¡¡

is¡¡a¡¡Libyan¡¡race¡¡which¡¡dwells¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Syrtis£»¡¡and¡¡also¡¡in¡¡the¡¡land¡¡to¡¡the¡¡East¡¡

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came¡¡and¡¡were¡¡asked¡¡by¡¡him¡¡whether¡¡they¡¡were¡¡able¡¡to¡¡tell¡¡him¡¡anything¡¡

more¡¡than¡¡he¡¡knew¡¡about¡¡the¡¡desert¡¡parts¡¡of¡¡Libya£»¡¡they¡¡said¡¡that¡¡there¡¡had¡¡

been¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡among¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡certain¡¡¡¡¡¡sons¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡chief¡¡¡¡¡¡men£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡unruly¡¡

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other¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡extravagant¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡things¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡also¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡told¡¡¡¡¡¡off¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡lot¡¡¡¡five¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

themselves¡¡to¡¡go¡¡to¡¡see¡¡the¡¡desert¡¡parts¡¡of¡¡Libya¡¡and¡¡to¡¡try¡¡whether¡¡they¡¡

could¡¡discover¡¡more¡¡than¡¡those¡¡who¡¡had¡¡previously¡¡explored¡¡furthest£º¡¡for¡¡

in¡¡¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡parts¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Libya¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Northern¡¡¡¡¡¡Sea£»¡¡¡¡¡¡beginning¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡

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point¡¡of¡¡Libya£»¡¡Libyans¡¡£¨and¡¡of¡¡them¡¡many¡¡races£©¡¡extend¡¡along¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡

coast£»¡¡¡¡¡¡except¡¡¡¡¡¡so¡¡¡¡¡¡much¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Hellenes¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡Phenicians¡¡¡¡¡¡hold£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

upper¡¡parts£»¡¡which¡¡lie¡¡above¡¡the¡¡sea¡­coast¡¡and¡¡above¡¡those¡¡people¡¡whose¡¡



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land¡¡comes¡¡down¡¡to¡¡the¡¡sea£»¡¡Libya¡¡is¡¡full¡¡of¡¡wild¡¡beasts£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡the¡¡parts¡¡

above¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡land¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡wild¡¡¡¡¡¡beasts¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡full¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡sand£»¡¡¡¡¡¡terribly¡¡¡¡¡¡waterless¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

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companions¡¡¡¡¡¡well¡¡¡¡¡¡furnished¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡supplies¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡water¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡provisions£»¡¡¡¡¡¡went¡¡

first¡¡through¡¡the¡¡inhabited¡¡country£»¡¡and¡¡after¡¡they¡¡had¡¡passed¡¡through¡¡this¡¡

they¡¡came¡¡to¡¡the¡¡country¡¡of¡¡wild¡¡beasts£»¡¡and¡¡after¡¡this¡¡they¡¡passed¡¡through¡¡

the¡¡¡¡¡¡desert£»¡¡¡¡¡¡making¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡journey¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡towards¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡West¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Wind£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡having¡¡

passed¡¡through¡¡a¡¡great¡¡tract¡¡of¡¡sand¡¡in¡¡many¡¡days£»¡¡they¡¡saw¡¡at¡¡last¡¡trees¡¡

growing¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡level¡¡¡¡¡¡place£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡having¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡come¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡up¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡them£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡

beginning¡¡to¡¡pluck¡¡the¡¡fruit¡¡which¡¡was¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡trees£º¡¡but¡¡as¡¡they¡¡began¡¡to¡¡

pluck¡¡it£»¡¡there¡¡came¡¡upon¡¡them¡¡small¡¡men£»¡¡of¡¡less¡¡stature¡¡than¡¡men¡¡of¡¡the¡¡

common¡¡size£»¡¡and¡¡these¡¡seized¡¡them¡¡and¡¡carried¡¡them¡¡away£»¡¡and¡¡neither¡¡

could¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Nasamonians¡¡¡¡¡¡understand¡¡¡¡¡¡anything¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡speech¡¡¡¡¡¡nor¡¡¡¡¡¡could¡¡

those¡¡who¡¡were¡¡carrying¡¡them¡¡off¡¡understand¡¡anything¡¡of¡¡the¡¡speech¡¡of¡¡the¡¡

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swamps£»¡¡and¡¡after¡¡passing¡¡through¡¡these¡¡they¡¡came¡¡to¡¡a¡¡city¡¡in¡¡which¡¡all¡¡

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this¡¡river¡¡which¡¡ran¡¡by¡¡the¡¡city£»¡¡Etearchos¡¡conjectured¡¡to¡¡be¡¡the¡¡Nile£»¡¡and¡¡

moreover¡¡reason¡¡compels¡¡us¡¡to¡¡think¡¡so£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡Nile¡¡flows¡¡from¡¡Libya¡¡and¡¡

cuts¡¡Libya¡¡through¡¡in¡¡the¡¡midst£»¡¡and¡¡as¡¡I¡¡conjecture£»¡¡judging¡¡of¡¡what¡¡is¡¡not¡¡

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mouth¡¡equal¡¡to¡¡that¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Ister£º¡¡for¡¡the¡¡river¡¡Ister¡¡begins¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Keltoi¡¡

and¡¡the¡¡city¡¡of¡¡Pyrene¡¡and¡¡so¡¡runs¡¡that¡¡it¡¡divides¡¡Europe¡¡in¡¡the¡¡midst¡¡£¨now¡¡

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their¡¡dwelling¡¡in¡¡Europe£©£º¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Ister¡¡ends£»¡¡having¡¡its¡¡course¡¡through¡¡the¡¡

whole¡¡of¡¡Europe£»¡¡by¡¡flowing¡¡into¡¡the¡¡Euxine¡¡Sea¡¡at¡¡the¡¡place¡¡where¡¡the¡¡

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so¡¡much¡¡as¡¡it¡¡was¡¡possible¡¡to¡¡learn¡¡by¡¡the¡¡most¡¡diligent¡¡inquiry¡¡has¡¡been¡¡

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