ousers were holes； as were the elbows of his coat。 The sole of his left boot； which he used most in climbingwas gone； and so was his hat。
CHAPTER 15。 JONES ON COUGARS
The mountain lion； or cougar； of our Rocky Mountain region； is nothing more nor less than the panther。 He is a little different in shape； color and size； which vary according to his environment。 The panther of the Rockies is usually light； taking the grayish hue of the rocks。 He is stockier and heavier of build； and stronger of limb than the Eastern species； which difference comes from climbing mountains and springing down the cliffs after his prey。
In regions accessible to man； or where man is encountered even rarely； the cougar is exceedingly shy； seldom or never venturing from cover during the day。 He spends the hours of daylight high on the most rugged cliffs； sleeping and basking in the sunshine； and watching with wonderfully keen sight the valleys below。 His hearing equals his sight； and if danger threatens； he always hears it in time to skulk away unseen。 At night he steals down the mountain side toward deer or elk he has located during the day。 Keeping to the lowest ravines and thickets； he creeps upon his prey。 His cunning and ferocity are keener and more savage in proportion to the length of time he has been without food。 As he grows hungrier and thinner； his skill and fierce strategy correspondingly increase。 A well…fed cougar will creep upon and secure only about one in seven of the deer； elk； antelope or mountain sheep that he stalks。 But a starving cougar is another animal。 He creeps like a snake； is as sure on the scent as a vulture； makes no more noise than a shadow； and he hides behind a stone or bush that would scarcely conceal a rabbit。 Then he springs with terrific force； and intensity of purpose； and seldom fails to reach his victim； and once the claws of a starved lion touch flesh； they never let go。
A cougar seldom pursues his quarry after he has leaped and missed； either from disgust or failure； or knowledge that a second attempt would be futile。 The animal making the easiest prey for the cougar is the elk。 About every other elk attacked falls a victim。 Deer are more fortunate； the ratio being one dead to five leaped at。 The antelope； living on the lowlands or upland meadows； escapes nine times out of ten； and the mountain sheep； or bighorn； seldom falls to the onslaught of his enemy。
Once the lion gets a hold with the great forepaw； every movement of the struggling prey sinks the sharp； hooked claws deeper。 Then as quickly as is possible； the lion fastens his teeth in the throat of his prey and grips till it is dead。 In this way elk have carried lions for many rods。 The lion seldom tears the skin of the neck； and never； as is generally supposed； sucks the blood of its victim； but he cuts into the side； just behind the foreshoulder； and eats the liver first。 He rolls the skin back as neatly and tightly as a person could do it。 When he has gorged himself； he drags the carcass into a ravine or dense thicket； and rakes leaves； sticks or dirt over it to hide it from other animals。 Usually he returns to his cache on the second night； and after that the frequency of his visits depends on the supply of fresh prey。 In remote regions； unfrequented by man； the lion will guard his cache from coyote and buzzards。
In sex there are about five female lions to one male。 This is caused by the jealous and vicious disposition of the male。 It is a fact that the old Toms kill every young lion they can catch。 Both male and female of the litter suffer alike until after weaning time； and then only the males。 In this matter wise animal logic is displayed by the Toms。 The domestic cat； to some extent； possesses the same trait。 If the litter is destroyed； the mating time is sure to come about regardless of the season。 Thus this savage trait of the lions prevents overproduction； and breeds a hardy and intrepid race。 If by chance or that cardinal feature of animal lifethe survival of the fittesta young male lion escapes to the weaning time； even after that he is persecuted。 Young male lions have been killed and found to have had their flesh beaten until it was a mass of bruises and undoubtedly it had been the work of an old Tom。 Moreover； old males and females have been killed； and found to be in the same bruised condition。 A feature； and a conclusive one； is the fact that invariably the female is suckling her young at this period； and sustains the bruises in desperately defending her litter。
It is astonishing how cunning； wise and faithful an old lioness is。 She seldom leaves her kittens。 From the time they are six weeks old she takes them out to train them for the battles of life； and the struggle continues from birth to death。 A lion hardly ever dies naturally。 As soon as night descends； the lioness stealthily stalks forth； and because of her little ones； takes very short steps。 The cubs follow； stepping in their mother's tracks。 When she crouches for game； each little lion crouches also； and each one remains perfectly still until she springs； or signals them to come。 If she secures the prey； they all gorge themselves。 After the feast the mother takes her back trail； stepping in the tracks she made coming down the mountain。 And the cubs are very careful to follow suit； and not to leave marks of their trail in the soft snow。 No doubt this habit is practiced to keep their deadly enemies in ignorance of their existence。 The old Toms and white hunters are their only foes。 Indians never kill a lion。 This trick of the lions has fooled many a hunter； concerning not only the direction； but particularly the number。
The only successful way to hunt lions is with trained dogs。 A good hound can trail them for several hours after the tracks have been made； and on a cloudy or wet day can hold the scent much longer。 In snow the hound can trail for three or four days after the track has been made。
When Jones was game warden of the Yellowstone National Park； he had unexampled opportunities to hunt cougars and learn their habits。 All the cougars in that region of the Rockies made a rendezvous of the game preserve。 Jones soon procured a pack of hounds； but as they had been trained to run deer； foxes and coyotes he had great trouble。 They would break on the trail of these animals； and also on elk and antelope just when this was farthest from his wish。 He soon realized that to train the hounds was a sore task。 When they refused to come back at his call； he stung them with fine shot； and in this manner taught obedience。 But obedience was not enough； the hounds must know how to follow and tree a lion。 With this in mind； Jones decided to catch a lion alive and give his dogs practical lessons。
A few days after reaching this decision； he discovered the tracks of two lions in the neighborhood of Mt。 Everett。 The hounds were put on the trail and followed it into an abandoned coal shaft。 Jones recognized this as his opportunity； and taking his lasso and an extra rope； he crawled into the hole。 Not fifteen feet from the opening sat one of the cougars； snarling and spitting。 Jones promptly lassoed it； passed his end of the lasso round a side prop of the shaft； and out to the soldiers who had followed him。 Instructing them not to pull till he called； he cautiously began to crawl by the cougar； with the intention of getting farther back and roping its hind leg； so as to prevent disaster when the soldiers pulled it out。 He accomplished this； not without some uneasiness in regard to the second lion； and giving the word to his companions； soon had his captive hauled from the shaft and tied so tightly it could not move。
Jones took the cougar and his hounds to an open place in the park； where there were trees； and prepared for a chase。 Loosing the lion； he held his hounds back a moment； then let them go。 Within one hundred yards the cougar climbed a tree； and the dogs saw the performance。 Taking a forked stick； Jones mounted up to the cougar； caught it under the jaw with the stick； and pushed it out。 There was a fight； a scramble； and the cougar dashed off to run up another tree。 In this manner； he soon trained his hounds to the pink of perfection。
Jones discovered； while in the park； that the cougar is king of all the beasts of North America。 Even a grizzly dashed away in great haste when a cougar made his appearance。 At the road camp； near Mt。 Washburn； during the fall of 1904； the bears； grizzlies and others； were always hanging round the cook tent。 There were cougars also； and almost every evening； about dusk； a big fellow would come parading past the tent。 The bears would grunt furiously and scamper in every direction。 It was easy to tell when a cougar was in the neighborhood； by the peculiar grunts and snorts of the bears； and the sharp； distinct； alarmed yelps of coyotes。 A lion would just as lief kill a coyote as any other animal and he would devour it； too。 As to the fighting of cougars and grizzlies； that was a mooted question； with the credit on the side of the former。
The story of the doings of cougars； as told in the snow； was intensely fascinating and tragic！ How they stalked deer and elk； crept to within springing distance； then crouched flat to leap； was as easy to read as if it had been told in print。 The leaps and bounds were beyond belief。 The longest leap on a level measured eighteen and one…half feet。 Jones trailed a half…grown cougar； which in turn was trailing a big elk。 He found where the cougar had struck his game； had clung for many rods； to be dashed off by the low limb of a spruce tree。 The imprint of the body of the cougar was a foot deep in the snow； blood and tufts of hair covered the place。 But there was no sign of the cougar renewing the chase。
In rare cases cougars would refuse to run； or take to trees。 One day Jones followed the hounds； eight in number； to come on a huge Tom holding the whole pack at bay。 He walked to and fro； lashing his tail from side to side； and when Jones dashed up； he coolly climbed a tree。 Jones shot the cougar； which； in falling； struck one of the hounds； crippling him。 This hound would never approach a tree after this incident； believing probably that the cougar had sprung upon him。
Usually the hounds chased th