connection¡¡with¡¡these£»¡¡constitute¡¡a¡¡series¡¡in¡¡the¡¡order¡¡of¡¡nature¡£
This¡¡sensuous¡¡object¡¡must£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡second¡¡place£»¡¡possess¡¡an
intelligible¡¡character£»¡¡which¡¡guarantees¡¡it¡¡to¡¡be¡¡the¡¡cause¡¡of¡¡those
actions£»¡¡as¡¡phenomena£»¡¡although¡¡it¡¡is¡¡not¡¡itself¡¡a¡¡phenomenon¡¡nor
subordinate¡¡to¡¡the¡¡conditions¡¡of¡¡the¡¡world¡¡of¡¡sense¡£¡¡The¡¡former¡¡may¡¡be
termed¡¡the¡¡character¡¡of¡¡the¡¡thing¡¡as¡¡a¡¡phenomenon£»¡¡the¡¡latter¡¡the
character¡¡of¡¡the¡¡thing¡¡as¡¡a¡¡thing¡¡in¡¡itself¡£
¡¡¡¡Now¡¡this¡¡active¡¡subject¡¡would£»¡¡in¡¡its¡¡character¡¡of¡¡intelligible
subject£»¡¡be¡¡subordinate¡¡to¡¡no¡¡conditions¡¡of¡¡time£»¡¡for¡¡time¡¡is¡¡only¡¡a
condition¡¡of¡¡phenomena£»¡¡and¡¡not¡¡of¡¡things¡¡in¡¡themselves¡£¡¡No¡¡action
would¡¡begin¡¡or¡¡cease¡¡to¡¡be¡¡in¡¡this¡¡subject£»¡¡it¡¡would¡¡consequently¡¡be
free¡¡from¡¡the¡¡law¡¡of¡¡all¡¡determination¡¡of¡¡time¡¡¡the¡¡law¡¡of¡¡change£»
namely£»¡¡that¡¡everything¡¡which¡¡happens¡¡must¡¡have¡¡a¡¡cause¡¡in¡¡the
phenomena¡¡of¡¡a¡¡preceding¡¡state¡£¡¡In¡¡one¡¡word£»¡¡the¡¡causality¡¡of¡¡the
subject£»¡¡in¡¡so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡it¡¡is¡¡intelligible£»¡¡would¡¡not¡¡form¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the
series¡¡of¡¡empirical¡¡conditions¡¡which¡¡determine¡¡and¡¡necessitate¡¡an
event¡¡in¡¡the¡¡world¡¡of¡¡sense¡£¡¡Again£»¡¡this¡¡intelligible¡¡character¡¡of¡¡a
thing¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡immediately¡¡cognized£»¡¡because¡¡we¡¡can¡¡perceive
nothing¡¡but¡¡phenomena£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡must¡¡be¡¡capable¡¡of¡¡being¡¡cogitated¡¡in
harmony¡¡with¡¡the¡¡empirical¡¡character£»¡¡for¡¡we¡¡always¡¡find¡¡ourselves
compelled¡¡to¡¡place£»¡¡in¡¡thought£»¡¡a¡¡transcendental¡¡object¡¡at¡¡the¡¡basis
of¡¡phenomena¡¡although¡¡we¡¡can¡¡never¡¡know¡¡what¡¡this¡¡object¡¡is¡¡in¡¡itself¡£
¡¡¡¡In¡¡virtue¡¡of¡¡its¡¡empirical¡¡character£»¡¡this¡¡subject¡¡would¡¡at¡¡the¡¡same
time¡¡be¡¡subordinate¡¡to¡¡all¡¡the¡¡empirical¡¡laws¡¡of¡¡causality£»¡¡and£»¡¡as
a¡¡phenomenon¡¡and¡¡member¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sensuous¡¡world£»¡¡its¡¡effects¡¡would
have¡¡to¡¡be¡¡accounted¡¡for¡¡by¡¡a¡¡reference¡¡to¡¡preceding¡¡phenomena¡£
Eternal¡¡phenomena¡¡must¡¡be¡¡capable¡¡of¡¡influencing¡¡it£»¡¡and¡¡its
actions£»¡¡in¡¡accordance¡¡with¡¡natural¡¡laws£»¡¡must¡¡explain¡¡to¡¡us¡¡how¡¡its
empirical¡¡character£»¡¡that¡¡is£»¡¡the¡¡law¡¡of¡¡its¡¡causality£»¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be
cognized¡¡in¡¡and¡¡by¡¡means¡¡of¡¡experience¡£¡¡In¡¡a¡¡word£»¡¡all¡¡requisites
for¡¡a¡¡complete¡¡and¡¡necessary¡¡determination¡¡of¡¡these¡¡actions¡¡must¡¡be
presented¡¡to¡¡us¡¡by¡¡experience¡£
¡¡¡¡In¡¡virtue¡¡of¡¡its¡¡intelligible¡¡character£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡other¡¡hand¡¡£¨although
we¡¡possess¡¡only¡¡a¡¡general¡¡conception¡¡of¡¡this¡¡character£©£»¡¡the¡¡subject
must¡¡be¡¡regarded¡¡as¡¡free¡¡from¡¡all¡¡sensuous¡¡influences£»¡¡and¡¡from¡¡all
phenomenal¡¡determination¡£¡¡Moreover£»¡¡as¡¡nothing¡¡happens¡¡in¡¡this
subject¡¡¡for¡¡it¡¡is¡¡a¡¡noumenon£»¡¡and¡¡there¡¡does¡¡not¡¡consequently¡¡exist
in¡¡it¡¡any¡¡change£»¡¡demanding¡¡the¡¡dynamical¡¡determination¡¡of¡¡time£»¡¡and
for¡¡the¡¡same¡¡reason¡¡no¡¡connection¡¡with¡¡phenomena¡¡as¡¡causes¡¡¡this
active¡¡existence¡¡must¡¡in¡¡its¡¡actions¡¡be¡¡free¡¡from¡¡and¡¡independent¡¡of
natural¡¡necessity£»¡¡for¡¡or¡¡necessity¡¡exists¡¡only¡¡in¡¡the¡¡world¡¡of
phenomena¡£¡¡It¡¡would¡¡be¡¡quite¡¡correct¡¡to¡¡say¡¡that¡¡it¡¡originates¡¡or
begins¡¡its¡¡effects¡¡in¡¡the¡¡world¡¡of¡¡sense¡¡from¡¡itself£»¡¡although¡¡the
action¡¡productive¡¡of¡¡these¡¡effects¡¡does¡¡not¡¡begin¡¡in¡¡itself¡£¡¡We¡¡should
not¡¡be¡¡in¡¡this¡¡case¡¡affirming¡¡that¡¡these¡¡sensuous¡¡effects¡¡began¡¡to
exist¡¡of¡¡themselves£»¡¡because¡¡they¡¡are¡¡always¡¡determined¡¡by¡¡prior
empirical¡¡conditions¡¡¡by¡¡virtue¡¡of¡¡the¡¡empirical¡¡character£»¡¡which¡¡is
the¡¡phenomenon¡¡of¡¡the¡¡intelligible¡¡character¡¡¡and¡¡are¡¡possible¡¡only¡¡as
constituting¡¡a¡¡continuation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡series¡¡of¡¡natural¡¡causes¡£¡¡And
thus¡¡nature¡¡and¡¡freedom£»¡¡each¡¡in¡¡the¡¡complete¡¡and¡¡absolute
signification¡¡of¡¡these¡¡terms£»¡¡can¡¡exist£»¡¡without¡¡contradiction¡¡or
disagreement£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡same¡¡action¡¡to
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Exposition¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Cosmological¡¡Idea¡¡of¡¡Freedom¡¡in¡¡Harmony
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Universal¡¡Law¡¡of¡¡Natural¡¡Necessity¡£
¡¡¡¡I¡¡have¡¡thought¡¡it¡¡advisable¡¡to¡¡lay¡¡before¡¡the¡¡reader¡¡at¡¡first¡¡merely
a¡¡sketch¡¡of¡¡the¡¡solution¡¡of¡¡this¡¡transcendental¡¡problem£»¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to
enable¡¡him¡¡to¡¡form¡¡with¡¡greater¡¡ease¡¡a¡¡clear¡¡conception¡¡of¡¡the
course¡¡which¡¡reason¡¡must¡¡adopt¡¡in¡¡the¡¡solution¡£¡¡I¡¡shall¡¡now¡¡proceed¡¡to
exhibit¡¡the¡¡several¡¡momenta¡¡of¡¡this¡¡solution£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡consider¡¡them
in¡¡their¡¡order¡£
¡¡¡¡The¡¡natural¡¡law¡¡that¡¡everything¡¡which¡¡happens¡¡must¡¡have¡¡a¡¡cause£»
that¡¡the¡¡causality¡¡of¡¡this¡¡cause£»¡¡that¡¡is£»¡¡the¡¡action¡¡of¡¡the¡¡cause
£¨which¡¡cannot¡¡always¡¡have¡¡existed£»¡¡but¡¡must¡¡be¡¡itself¡¡an¡¡event£»¡¡for¡¡it
precedes¡¡in¡¡time¡¡some¡¡effect¡¡which¡¡it¡¡has¡¡originated£©£»¡¡must¡¡have
itself¡¡a¡¡phenomenal¡¡cause£»¡¡by¡¡which¡¡it¡¡is¡¡determined¡¡and£»¡¡and£»
consequently£»¡¡all¡¡events¡¡are¡¡empirically¡¡determined¡¡in¡¡an¡¡order¡¡of
nature¡¡¡this¡¡law£»¡¡I¡¡say£»¡¡which¡¡lies¡¡at¡¡the¡¡foundation¡¡of¡¡the
possibility¡¡of¡¡experience£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡a¡¡connected¡¡system¡¡of¡¡phenomena¡¡or
nature¡¡is¡¡a¡¡law¡¡of¡¡the¡¡understanding£»¡¡from¡¡which¡¡no¡¡departure£»¡¡and
to¡¡which¡¡no¡¡exception£»¡¡can¡¡be¡¡admitted¡£¡¡For¡¡to¡¡except¡¡even¡¡a¡¡single
phenomenon¡¡from¡¡its¡¡operation¡¡is¡¡to¡¡exclude¡¡it¡¡from¡¡the¡¡sphere¡¡of
possible¡¡experience¡¡and¡¡thus¡¡to¡¡admit¡¡it¡¡to¡¡be¡¡a¡¡mere¡¡fiction¡¡of
thought¡¡or¡¡phantom¡¡of¡¡the¡¡brain¡£
¡¡¡¡Thus¡¡we¡¡are¡¡obliged¡¡to¡¡acknowledge¡¡the¡¡existence¡¡of¡¡a¡¡chain¡¡of
causes£»¡¡in¡¡which£»¡¡however£»¡¡absolute¡¡totality¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡found¡£¡¡But¡¡we
need¡¡not¡¡detain¡¡ourselves¡¡with¡¡this¡¡question£»¡¡for¡¡it¡¡has¡¡already
been¡¡sufficiently¡¡answered¡¡in¡¡our¡¡discussion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡antinomies¡¡into
which¡¡reason¡¡falls£»¡¡when¡¡it¡¡attempts¡¡to¡¡reach¡¡the¡¡unconditioned¡¡in¡¡the
series¡¡of¡¡phenomena¡£¡¡If¡¡we¡¡permit¡¡ourselves¡¡to¡¡be¡¡deceived¡¡by¡¡the
illusion¡¡of¡¡transcendental¡¡idealism£»¡¡we¡¡shall¡¡find¡¡that¡¡neither¡¡nature
nor¡¡freedom¡¡exists¡£¡¡Now¡¡the¡¡question¡¡is£º¡¡¡¨Whether£»¡¡admitting¡¡the
existence¡¡of¡¡natural¡¡necessity¡¡in¡¡the¡¡world¡¡of¡¡phenomena£»¡¡it¡¡is
possible¡¡to¡¡consider¡¡an¡¡effect¡¡as¡¡at¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time¡¡an¡¡effect¡¡of¡¡nature
and¡¡an¡¡effect¡¡of¡¡freedom¡¡¡or£»¡¡whether¡¡these¡¡two¡¡modes¡¡of¡¡causality¡¡are
contradictory¡¡and¡¡incompatible£¿¡¨
¡¡¡¡No¡¡phenomenal¡¡cause¡¡can¡¡absolutely¡¡and¡¡of¡¡itself¡¡begin¡¡a¡¡series¡£
Every¡¡action£»¡¡in¡¡so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡it¡¡is¡¡productive¡¡of¡¡an¡¡event£»¡¡is¡¡itself
an¡¡event¡¡or¡¡occurrence£»¡¡and¡¡presupposes¡¡another¡¡preceding¡¡state£»¡¡in
which¡¡its¡¡cause¡¡existed¡£¡¡Thus¡¡everything¡¡that¡¡happens¡¡is¡¡but¡¡a
continuation¡¡of¡¡a¡¡series£»¡¡and¡¡an¡¡absolute¡¡beginning¡¡is¡¡impossible¡¡in
the¡¡sensuous¡¡world¡£¡¡The¡¡actions¡¡of¡¡natural¡¡causes¡¡are£»¡¡accordingly£»
themselves¡¡effects£»¡¡and¡¡presuppose¡¡causes¡¡preceding¡¡them¡¡in¡¡time¡£¡¡A
primal¡¡action¡¡which¡¡forms¡¡an¡¡absolute¡¡beginning£»¡¡is¡¡beyond¡¡the
causal¡¡power¡¡of¡¡phenomena¡£
¡¡¡¡Now£»¡¡is¡¡it¡¡absolutely¡¡necessary¡¡that£»¡¡granting¡¡that¡¡all¡¡effects
are¡¡phenomena£»¡¡the¡¡causality¡¡of¡¡the¡¡cause¡¡of¡¡these¡¡effects¡¡must¡¡also
be¡¡a¡¡phenomenon¡¡and¡¡belong¡¡to¡¡the¡¡empirical¡¡world£¿¡¡Is¡¡it¡¡not¡¡rather
possible¡¡that£»¡¡although¡¡every¡¡effect¡¡in¡¡the¡¡phenomenal¡¡world¡¡must¡¡be
connected¡¡with¡¡an¡¡empirical¡¡cause£»¡¡according¡¡to¡¡the¡¡universal¡¡law¡¡of
nature£»¡¡this¡¡empirical¡¡causality¡¡may¡¡be¡¡itself¡¡the¡¡effect¡¡of¡¡a
non¡empirical¡¡and¡¡intelligible¡¡causality¡¡¡its¡¡connection¡¡with
natural¡¡causes¡¡remaining¡¡nevertheless¡¡intact£¿¡¡Such¡¡a¡¡causality¡¡would
be¡¡considered£»¡¡in¡¡reference¡¡to¡¡phenomena£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡primal¡¡action¡¡of¡¡a
cause£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡in¡¡so¡¡far£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡not¡¡phenomenal£»¡¡but£»¡¡by¡¡reason
of¡¡this¡¡faculty¡¡or¡¡power£»¡¡intelligible£»¡¡although¡¡it¡¡must£»¡¡at¡¡the
same¡¡time£»¡¡as¡¡a¡¡link¡¡in¡¡the¡¡chain¡¡of¡¡nature£»¡¡be¡¡regarded¡¡as
belonging¡¡to¡¡the¡¡sensuous¡¡world¡£
¡¡¡¡A¡¡belief¡¡in¡¡the¡¡reciprocal¡¡causality¡¡of¡¡phenomena¡¡is¡¡necessary£»¡¡if
we¡¡are¡¡required¡¡to¡¡look¡¡for¡¡and¡¡to¡¡present¡¡the¡¡natural¡¡conditions¡¡of
natural¡¡events£»¡¡that¡¡is¡¡to¡¡say£»¡¡their¡¡causes¡£¡¡This¡¡being¡¡admitted¡¡as
unexceptionably¡¡valid£»¡¡the¡¡requirements¡¡of¡¡the¡¡understanding£»¡¡which
recognizes¡¡nothing¡¡but¡¡nature¡¡in¡¡the¡¡region¡¡of¡¡phenomena£»¡¡are
satisfied£»¡¡and¡¡our¡¡physical¡¡explanations¡¡of¡¡physical¡¡phenomena¡¡may
proceed¡¡in¡¡their¡¡regular¡¡course£»¡¡without¡¡hindrance¡¡and¡¡without
opposition¡£¡¡But¡¡it¡¡is¡¡no¡¡stumbling¡block¡¡in¡¡the¡¡way£»¡¡even¡¡assuming¡¡the
idea¡¡to¡¡be¡¡a¡¡pure¡¡fiction£»¡¡to¡¡admit¡¡that¡¡there¡¡are¡¡some¡¡natural¡¡causes
in¡¡the¡¡possession¡¡of¡¡a¡¡faculty¡¡which¡¡is¡¡not¡¡empirical£»¡¡but
intelligible£»¡¡inasmuch¡¡as¡¡it¡¡is¡¡not¡¡determined¡¡to¡¡action¡¡by
empirical¡¡conditions£»¡¡but¡¡purely¡¡and¡¡solely¡¡upon¡¡grounds¡¡brought
forward¡¡by¡¡the¡¡understanding¡¡¡this¡¡action¡¡being¡¡still£»¡¡when¡¡the
cause¡¡is¡¡phenomenized£»¡¡in¡¡perfect¡¡accordance¡¡with¡¡the¡¡laws¡¡of
empirical¡¡causality¡£¡¡Thus¡¡the¡¡acting¡¡subject£»¡¡as¡¡a¡¡causal
phenomenon£»¡¡would¡¡continue¡¡to¡¡preserve¡¡a¡¡complete¡¡connection¡¡with
nature¡¡and¡¡natural¡¡conditions£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡phenomenon¡¡only¡¡of¡¡the
subject¡¡£¨with¡¡all¡¡its¡¡phenomenal¡¡causality£©¡¡would¡¡contain¡¡certain
conditions£»¡¡which£»¡¡if¡¡we¡¡ascend¡¡from¡¡the¡¡empirical¡¡to¡¡the
transcendental¡¡object£»¡¡must¡¡necessarily¡¡be¡¡regarded¡¡as¡¡intelligible¡£
For£»¡¡if¡¡we¡¡attend£»¡¡in¡¡our¡¡inquiries¡¡with¡¡regard¡¡to¡¡causes¡¡in¡¡the¡¡world
of¡¡phenomena£»¡¡to¡¡the¡¡directions¡¡of¡¡nature¡¡alone£»¡¡we¡¡need¡¡not¡¡trouble
ourselves¡¡about¡¡the¡¡relation¡¡in¡¡which¡¡the¡¡transcendental¡¡subject£»
which¡¡is¡¡completely¡¡unknown¡¡to¡¡us£»¡¡stands¡¡to¡¡these¡¡phenomena¡¡and¡¡their
connection¡¡in¡¡nature¡£¡¡The¡¡intelligible¡¡ground¡¡of¡¡phenomena¡¡in¡¡this
subject¡¡does¡¡not¡¡concern¡¡empirical¡¡questions¡£¡¡It¡¡has¡¡to¡¡do¡¡only¡¡with
pure¡¡thought£»¡¡and£»¡¡although¡¡the¡¡effects¡¡of¡¡this¡¡thought¡¡and¡¡action
of¡¡the¡¡pure¡¡understanding¡¡are¡¡discoverable¡¡in¡¡phenomena£»¡¡these
phenomena¡¡must¡¡nevertheless¡¡be¡¡capable¡¡of¡¡a¡¡full¡¡and¡¡complete
explanation£»¡¡upon¡¡purely¡¡physical¡¡grounds¡¡and¡¡in¡¡accordance¡¡with
natural¡¡laws¡£¡¡And¡¡in¡¡this¡¡case¡¡we¡¡attend¡¡solely¡¡to¡¡their¡¡empirical¡¡and
omit¡¡all¡¡consideration¡¡of¡¡their¡¡intelligible¡¡character¡¡£¨which¡¡is¡¡the
transcendental¡¡cause¡¡of¡¡the¡¡former£©¡¡as¡¡completely¡¡unknown£»¡¡except¡¡in
so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡it¡¡is¡¡exhibited¡¡by¡¡the¡¡latter¡¡as¡¡its¡¡empirical¡¡symbol¡£¡¡Now
let¡¡us¡¡apply¡¡this¡¡to¡¡experience¡£¡¡Man¡¡is¡¡a¡¡phenomenon¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sensuous
world¡¡and£»¡¡at¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡a¡¡natural¡¡cause£»¡¡the¡¡causality
of¡¡which¡¡must¡¡be¡¡regulated¡¡by¡¡empirical¡¡laws¡£¡¡As¡¡such£»¡¡he¡¡must¡¡possess
an¡¡empirical¡¡character£»¡¡like¡¡all¡¡other¡¡natural¡¡phenomena¡£¡¡We¡¡remark
this¡¡empirical¡¡character¡¡in¡¡his¡¡actions£»¡¡which¡¡reveal¡¡the¡¡presence
of¡¡certain¡¡powers¡¡and¡¡faculties¡£¡¡If¡¡we¡¡consider¡¡inanimate¡¡or¡¡merely
animal¡¡nature£»¡¡we¡¡can¡¡discover¡¡no¡¡reason¡¡for¡¡ascribing¡¡to¡¡ourselves
any¡¡other¡¡than¡¡a¡¡faculty¡¡which¡¡is¡¡determined¡¡in¡¡a¡¡purely¡¡sensuous
manner¡£¡¡But¡¡man£»¡¡to¡¡whom¡¡nature¡¡reveals¡¡herself¡¡only¡¡through¡¡sense£»
cognizes¡¡himself¡¡not¡¡only¡¡by¡¡his¡¡senses£»¡¡but¡¡also¡¡through¡¡pure
apperception£»¡¡and¡¡this¡¡in¡¡actions¡¡and¡¡internal¡¡determinations£»¡¡which
he¡¡cannot¡¡regard¡¡as¡¡se
СÌáʾ£º°´ »Ø³µ [Enter] ¼ü ·µ»ØÊéÄ¿£¬°´ ¡û ¼ü ·µ»ØÉÏÒ»Ò³£¬ °´ ¡ú ¼ü ½øÈëÏÂÒ»Ò³¡£
ÔÞÒ»ÏÂ
Ìí¼ÓÊéÇ©¼ÓÈëÊé¼Ü