the iron puddler- 第11部分

The　French　were　not　compelled　to　stand　in　the　flame　that　scorched　Verdun。　They　could　have　backed　away　and　let　the　Germans　through。　The　Germans　would　not　have　killed　them。　They　would　only　have　saddled　them　and　got　on　their　backs　and　ridden　them　till　the　end　of　time。

And　so　men　are　not　compelled　to　face　the　scorching　furnaces；　we　do　not　have　to　forge　the　iron　that　resists　the　invading　cyclone　and　the　leveling　earthquake。　We　could　quit　cold　and　let　wild　nature　kick　us　about　at　will。　We　could　have　cities　of　wood　to　be　wiped　out　by　conflagrations；　we　could　build　houses　of　mud　and　sticks　for　the　gales　to　unroof　like　a　Hottentot　village。　We　could　bridge　our　small　rivers　with　logs　and　be　flood…bound　when　the　rains　descended。　We　could　live　by　wheelbarrow　transit　like　the　Chinaman　and　leave　to　some　braver　race　the　task　of　belting　the　world　with　railroads　and　bridging　the　seas　with　iron　boats。

Nobody　compels　us　to　stand　shoulder　to　shoulder　and　fight　off　nature's　calamities　as　the　French　fought　off　their　oppressor　at　Verdun。　I　repeat；　we　could　let　nature　oppress　us　as　she　oppresses　the　meek　Chineselet　her　whip　us　with　cold；　drought；　flood；　isolation　and　famine。

We　chose　to　resist　as　the　French　resistedbecause　we　are　men。　Nature　can　chase　the　measly　savage　fleeing　naked　through　the　bush。　But　nature　can't　run　us　ragged　when　all　we　have　to　do　is　put　up　a　hard　fight　and　conquer　her。　The　iron　workers　are　civilization's　shock　troops　grappling　with　tyrannous　nature　on　her　own　ground　and　conquering　new　territory　in　which　man　can　live　in　safety　and　peace。　Steel　houses　with　glass　windows　are　born　of　his　efforts。　There　is　a　glory　in　this　fight；　man　feels　a　sense　of　grandeur。　We　are　robbing　no　one。　From　the　harsh　bosom　of　the　hills　we　wring　the　iron　milk　that　makes　us　strong。　Nature　is　no　kind　mother；　she　resists　with　flood　and　earthquake；　drought　and　cyclone。　Nature　is　fierce　and　formidable；　but　fierce　is　man's　soul　to　subdue　her。　The　stubborn　earth　is　iron；　but　man　is　iron　too。



CHAPTER　XVIII

ON　BEING　A　GOOD　GUESSER


The　charge　which　I　have　been　kneading　in　my　furnace　has　now　〃come　to　nature；〃　the　stringy　sponge　of　pure　iron　is　separating　from　the　slag。　The　〃balling〃　of　this　sponge　into　three　loaves　is　a　task　that　occupies　from　ten　to　fifteen　minutes。　The　particles　of　iron　glowing　in　this　spongy　mass　are　partly　welded　together；　they　are　sticky　and　stringy　and　as　the　cooling　continues　they　are　rolled　up　into　wads　like　popcorn　balls。　The　charge；　which　lost　part　of　its　original　weight　by　the　draining　off　of　slag；　now　weighs　five　hundred　fifty　to　six　hundred　pounds。　I　am　balling　it　into　three　parts　of　equal　weight。　If　the　charge　is　six　hundred　pounds；　each　of　my　balls　must　weigh　exactly　two　hundred　pounds。

I　have　always　been　proud　of　the　〃batting　eye〃　that　enables　an　iron　puddler　to　shape　the　balls　to　the　exact　weight　required。　This　is　a　mental　act；an　act　of　judgment。　The　artist　and　the　sculptor　must　have　this　same　sense　of　proportion。　A　man　of　low　intelligence　could　never　learn　to　do　it。　We　are　paid　by　weight；　and　in　my　time；　in　the　Sharon　mill；　the　balls　were　required　to　be　two　hundred　pounds。　Every　pound　above　that　went　to　the　company　and　was　loss　to　the　men。

I　have　heard　that　〃guessing　pigs〃　was　an　old…time　sport　among　farmers。　To　test　their　skill；　each　farmer　would　guess　the　weight　of　a　grazing　pig。　Then　they　would　catch　the　porker；　throw　him　on　the　scales；　and　find　out　which　farmer　had　guessed　nearest　the　mark。　Sunday　clothes　used　to　be　badly　soiled　in　this　sport。

But　the　iron　worker　does　not　guess　his　pigs。　He　knows　exactly　how　much　pig…iron　he　put　into　the　boil。　His　guessing　skill　comes　into　play　when　with　a　long　paddle　and　hook　he　separates　six　hundred　pounds　of　sizzling　fireworks　into　three　fire　balls　each　of　which　will　weigh　two　hundred　pounds。

The　balls　are　rolled　up　into　three　resting　places；　one　in　the　fire…bridge　corner；　one　in　the　flue…bridge　corner；　and　one　in　the　jam；　all　ready　for　the　puddler　to　draw　them。

My　batch　of　biscuits　is　now　done　and　I　must　take　them　out　at　once　and　rush　them　to　the　hungry　mouth　of　the　squeezing　machine。　A　bride　making　biscuits　can　jerk　them　out　of　the　oven　all　in　one　pan。　But　my　oven　is　larger　and　hotter。　I　have　to　use　long…handled　tongs；　and　each　of　my　biscuits　weighs　twice　as　much　as　I　weigh。　Suppose　you　were　a　cook　with　a　fork　six　feet　long；　and　had　three　roasting　sheep　on　the　grid　at　once　to　be　forked　off　as　quickly　as　possible。　Could　you　do　it？　Even　with　a　helper　wouldn't　you　probably　scorch　the　mutton　or　else　burn　yourself　to　death　with　the　hot　grease？　That　is　where　strength　and　skill　must　both　come　into　play。

One　at　a　time　the　balls　are　drawn　out　on　to　a　buggy　and　wheeled　swiftly　to　the　squeezer。　This　machine　squeezes　out　the　slag　which　flows　down　like　the　glowing　lava　running　out　of　a　volcano。　The　motion　of　the　squeezer　is　like　the　circular　motion　you　use　in　rolling　a　bread　pill　between　the　palms　and　squeezing　the　water　out　of　it。　I　must　get　the　three　balls；　or　blooms；　out　of　the　furnace　and　into　the　squeezer　while　the　slag　is　still　liquid　so　that　it　can　be　squeezed　out　of　the　iron。

From　cold　pig…iron　to　finished　blooms　is　a　process　that　takes　from　an　hour　and　ten　minutes；　to　an　hour　and　forty　minutes；　depending　on　the　speed　and　skill　of　the　puddler；　and　the　kind　of　iron。　I　was　a　fast　one；　myself。　But　you　expected　that；　from　the　fact　that　I　am　telling　the　story。　The　man　that　tells　the　story　always　comes　out　a　winner。



CHAPTER　XIX

I　START　ON　MY　TRAVELS


Now　that　I　was　a　master　puddler；　I　faced　the　problem　of　finding　a　furnace　of　my　own。　I　saw　no　chance　in　Sharon。　Furnaces　passed　from　father　to　son；　so　I　could　not　hope　to　get　one　of　the　furnaces　controlled　by　another　family。　My　father　was　not　ready　to　relinquish　his　furnace　to　me；　as　he　was　good　for　twenty　years　more　of　this　vigorous　labor。

I　wanted　to　be　a　real　boss　puddler；　and　so；　when　I　was　eighteen　I　went　to　Pittsburgh　and　got　a　furnace。　But　a　new　period　of　hard　times　was　setting　in；　jobs　were　getting　scarce　as　they　had　been　in　1884。　That　was　the　year　when　we　had　no　money　in　the　house　and　I　was　chasing　every　loose　nickel　in　town。　The　mill　at　Sharon　was　down；　and　father　was　hunting　work　in　Pittsburgh　and　elsewhere。　Then　after　a　period　of　prosperity　the　hard　times　had　come　again　in　1891　and　'92。　My　furnace　job　in　Pittsburgh　was　not　steady。　The　town　was　full　of　iron　workers　and　many　of　them　were　in　desperate　need。　Those　who　had　jobs　divided　their　time　with　their　needy　comrades。　A　man　with　hungry　children　would　be　given　a　furnace　for　a　few　days　to　earn　enough　to　ward　off　starvation。　I　had　no　children　and　felt　that　I　should　not　hold　a　furnace。　I　left　Pittsburgh　and　went　to　Niles；　Ohio；　where　I　found　less　competition　for　the　jobs。　I　worked　a　few　weeks　and　the　mill　shut　down。　I　wandered　all　over　the　iron　district　and　finally；　deciding　that　the　North　held　no　openings；　I　began　working　my　way　toward　the　iron　country　in　the　South。

The　Sharon　mill　did　not　shut　down　completely。　The　owner　operated　it　at　a　loss　rather　than　throw　all　his　old　hands　out　on　the　world。　Twenty　years　later　I　met　him　on　a　train　in　the　West　and　we　talked　of　old　times　when　I　worked　in　his　mill。　As　long　as　he　lived　he　was　loved　and　venerated　by　his　former　employees。

Father　was　putting　in　short　time　at　Sharon　and　was　badly　worried。　He　was　thinking　of　setting　out　again　to　go　from　town　to　town　looking　for　work；　but　I　had　advised　him　against　it。　I　had　told　him　that　he　would　merely　find　crowds　of　idle　men　roaming　from　mill　to　mill　along　with　him。　My　brothers　gave　him　similar　advice。

〃Father；〃　we　said；　〃it　is　a　time　of　business　depression　and　wide…spread　unemployment。　If　you　went　to　Pittsburgh　you　might　find　a　few　weeks'　work；　but　it　would　not　pay　you　to　go　there　for　it。　You　would　have　to　lay　out　cash　for　your　board　and　lodging　there　before　you　could　send　anything　home　to　mother。　Keeping　up　two　establishments　is　harder　than　keeping　up　one。　You　have　a　home　here　partly　paid　for；　and　a　big　garden　that　helps　support　that　home。　It　is　better　for　you　to　stick　with　this　establishment　and　work　at　half　time　in　the　mill　than　to　roam　around　at　big　expense　seeking　full　time　in　some　other　mill。　There　may　be　no　mill　in　the　land　that　is　running　full　time。〃

This　had　not　occurred　to　him。　What　lay　beyond　the　hills　was　all　mystery。　But　we　young　fellows　had　been　brought　up　in　the　American　atmosphere；　we　had　read　the　Youth's　Companion　and　the　newspapers；　and　our　outlook　was　widened；　we　could　guess　that　conditions　were　the　same　in　other　states　as　they　were　in　our　part　of　Pennsylvania；　for　we　were　studying　economic　causes。

〃It　is　better　for　you　to　stay　here　and　wait　for　good　times　to　come　again。　Hang　on　to　your　home；　and　if　in　a　few　months　or　a　few　years　the　mills　begin　booming　again　you　will　be　secure　for　life。　But　if　the　iron　industry　doesn't　revive；　give　up　that　trade　and　find　other　work　here。　If　necessary　go　out　and　work　on　a　farm；　for　the　farming　industry　will　always　have　to　be　carried　on。〃

Father　saw　the　force　of　our　argument。　So　he　stayed　and　kept　his　home。　He　has　it　to…day。　But　if　he　had　wandered　around　as　millions　of　us　did　in　those　hard　days　he　would　surely　have　lost　it。　This　was　my　first　little　attempt　to　work　out　an　economic　problem。　I　had　studied　all　the　facts　and　then　pronounced　my　judgment。　It　proved　right；　and　so　I　learned　that　in　my　small　way　I　had　a　head　for　financiering。　This　encouraged　me；　for　it　taught　me　that　the　worker　can　solve　part　of　his　problems　by　using　his　head。

The　fear　of　ending　in　the　poor…house　is　one　of　the　terrors　that　dog　a　man　through　life。　There　are　only　three　parts　to　the　labor　problem；　and　this　is　one　of　them。　This　fear　causes　〃unrest。〃　This　unrest　was　used　by　revolutionists　to　promote　Bolshevism　which　turns　whole　empires　into　poor…houses。　Such　a　〃remedy；〃　of　course；　is　worse　than　the　disease。　I　think　I　know　a　plan　by　which　all　workers　can　make　their　old　age　secure。　I　will　go　into　it　more　fully　in　a　later　chapter。



CHAPTER　XX

THE　RED　FLAG　AND　THE　WATERMELONS


I　have　said　that　the　labor　problem　has　three　parts。　I　call　them　（1）　Wages；　（2）　Working　Conditions　and　（3）　Living　Conditions。　By　living　conditions　I　mean　the　home　and　its　security。　My　father　had　reached　the　stage　where　this　was　the　problem　that　w