nstituted by Providence to realize the freedom of each with advantage to the other。
The real mission of the United States is to introduce and establish a political constitution； which； while it retains all the advantages of the constitutions of states thus far known； is unlike any of them； and secures advantages which none of them did or could possess。 The American constitution has no prototype in any prior constitution。 The American form of government can be classed throughout with none of the forms of government described by Aristotle； or 6 even by later authorities。 Aristotle knew only four forms of government： Monarchy； Aristocracy； Democracy； and Mixed Governments。 The American form is none of these； nor any combination of them。 It is original； a new contribution to political science； and seeks to attain the end of all wise and just government by means unknown or forbidden to the ancients； and which have been but imperfectly comprehended even by American political writers themselves。 The originality of the American constitution has been overlooked by the great majority even of our own statesmen； who seek to explain it by analogies borrowed from the constitutions of other states rather than by a profound study of its own principles。 They have taken too low a view of it； and have rarely； if ever； appreciated its distinctive and peculiar merits。
As the United States have vindicated their national unity and integrity； and are preparing to take a new start in history； nothing is more important than that they should take that new start with a clear and definite view of their national constitution； and with a distinct understanding of their political mission in the future of the world。 The citizen who can help his countrymen to do this will render them an im… 7 portant service and deserve well of his country； though he may have been unable to serve in her armies and defend her on the battle…field。 The work now to be done by American statesmen is even more difficult and more delicate than that which has been accomplished by our brave armies。 As yet the people are hardly better prepared for the political work to be done than they were at the outbreak of the civil war for the military work they have so nobly achieved。 But； with time； patience； and good…will； the difficulties may be overcome； the errors of the past corrected； and the Government placed on the right track for the future。
It will hardly be questioned that either the constitution of the United States is very defective or it has been very grossly misinterpreted by all parties。 If the slave States had not held that the States are severally sovereign； and the Constitution of the United States a simple agreement or compact； they would never have seceded； and if the Free States had not confounded the Union with the General government； and shown a tendency to make it the entire national government； no occasion or pretext for secession would have been given。 The great problem of our statesmen has been from the first； How to assert union without 8 consolidation； and State rights without disintegration？ Have they； as yet； solved that problem？ The war has silenced the State sovereignty doctrine； indeed； but has it done so without lesion to State rights？ Has it done it without asserting the General government as the supreme； central； or national government？ Has it done it without striking a dangerous blow at the federal element of the constitution？ In suppressing by armed force the doctrine that the States are severally sovereign； what barrier is left against consolidation？ Has not one danger been removed only to give place to another？
But perhaps the constitution itself； if rightly understood； solves the problem； and perhaps the problem itself is raised precisely through misunderstanding of the constitution。 Our statesmen have recognized no constitution of the American people themselves； they have confined their views to the written constitution； as if that constituted the American people a state or nation； instead of being； as it is； only a law ordained by the nation already existing and constituted。 Perhaps； if they had recognized and studied the constitution which preceded that drawn up by the Convention of 1787； and which is intrinsic； inherent in the 9 republic itself； they would have seen that it solves the problem； and asserts national unity without consolidation； and the rights of the several States without danger of disintegration。 The whole controversy； possibly； has originated in a misunderstanding of the real constitution of the United States； and that misunderstanding itself in the misunderstanding of the origin and constitution of government in general。 The constitution； as will appear in the course of this essay is not defective； and all that is necessary to guard against either danger is to discard all our theories of the constitution； and return and adhere to the constitution itself； as it really is and always has been。
There is no doubt that the question of Slavery had much to do with the rebellion； but it was not its sole cause。 The real cause must be sought in the program that had been made； especially in the States themselves； in forming and administering their respective governments； as well as the General government； in accordance with political theories borrowed from European speculators on government； the socalled Liberals and Revolutionists； which have and can have no legitimate application in the United States。 The tendency of American politics； for the last thirty or forty years； has 10 been； within the several States themselves； in the direction of centralized democracy； as if the American people had for their mission only the reproduction of ancient Athens。 The American system is not that of any of the simple forms of government； nor any combination of them。 The attempt to bring it under any of the simple or mixed forms of government recognized by political writers； is an attempt to clothe the future in the cast…off garments of the past。 The American system； wherever practicable； is better than monarchy； better than aristocracy； better than simple democracy； better than any possible combination of these several forms； because it accords more nearly with the principles of things； the real order of the universe。
But American statesmen have studied the constitutions of other states more than that of their own； and have succeeded in obscuring the American system in the minds of the people； and giving them in its place pure and simple democracy； which is its false development or corruption。 Under the influence of this false development； the people were fast losing sight of the political truth that； though the people are sovereign； it is the organic； not the inorganic people； the territorial people； not the people as 11 simple population； and were beginning to assert the absolute God…given right of the majority to govern。 All the changes made in the bosom of the States themselves have consisted in removing all obstacles to the irresponsible will of the majority； leaving minorities and individuals at their mercy。 This tendency to a centralized democracy had more to do with provoking secession and rebellion than the anti…slavery sentiments of the Northern； Central； and Western States。
The failure of secession and the triumph of the National cause； in spite of the short…sightedness and blundering of the Administration； have proved the vitality and strength of the national constitution； and the greatness of the American people。 They say nothing for or against the democratic theory of our demagogues； but every thing in favor of the American system or constitution of government； which has found a firmer support in American instincts than in American statesmanship。 In spite of all that had been done by theorists； radicals； and revolutionists； no…government men； non…resistants； humanitarians； and sickly sentimentalists to corrupt the American people in mind； heart； and body； the native vigor of their national constitution has enabled them to come forth 12 triumphant from the trial。 Every American patriot has reason to be proud of his country…men； and every American lover of freedom to be satisfied with the institutions of his country。 But there is danger that the politicians and demagogues will ascribe the merit； not to the real and living national constitution； but to their miserable theories of that constitution； and labor to aggravate the several evils and corrupt tendencies which caused the rebellion it has cost so much to suppress。 What is now wanted is； that the people； whose instincts are right； should understand the American constitution as it is； and so understand it as to render it impossible for political theorists； no matter of what school or party； to deceive them again as to its real import； or induce them to depart from it in their political action。
A work written with temper； without passion or sectional prejudice； in a philosophical spirit； explaining to the American people their own national constitution； and the mutual relations of the General government and the State governments； cannot； at this important crisis in our affairs； be inopportune； and； if properly executed； can hardly fail to be of real service。 Such a work is now attemptedwould it were by another and abler hand 13 which； imperfect as it is； may at least offer some useful suggestions； give a right direction to political thought； although it should fail to satisfy the mind of the reader。
This much the author may say； in favor of his own work； that it sets forth no theory of government in general； or of the United States in particular。 The author is not a monarchist； an aristocrat； a democrat； a feudalist； nor an advocate of what are called mixed governments like the English； at least for his own country； but is simply an American； devoted to the real； living； and energizing constitution o