the american republic- 第42部分

The　government　may　not　have　had　much　faith　in　this　policy；　and　　Mr。　Lincoln's　personal　authority　might　be　cited　to　the　effect　　that　it　had　not；　but　it　was　urged　strongly　by　the　Union　men　of　　the　Border　States。　　The　administration　was　hardly　seated　in　　office；　and　its　members　were　new　men；　without　administrative　　experience；　the　President；　who　had　been　legally　elected　indeed；　　but　without　a　majority　of　the　popular　votes；　was　far　from　having　　the　full　confidence　even　of　the　party　that　elected　him；　opinions　　were　divided；　party　spirit　ran　high；　the　excitement　was　great；　　the　crisis　was　imminent；　the　government　found　itself　left　by　its　　predecessor　without　an　army　or　a　navy；　and　almost　without　arms　or　　ordnance；　it　knew　not　how　far　it　could　count　on　popular　support；　　and　314　　　　　was　hardly　aware　whom　it　could　trust　or　should　distrust；　all　　was　hurry　and　confusion；　and　what　could　the　government　do　but　to　　gain　time；　keep　off　active　war　as　long　as　possible；　conciliate　　all　it　could；　and　take　ground　which　at　the　time　seemed　likely　to　　rally　the　largest　number　of　the　people　to　its　support？　　There　　were　men　then；　warm　friends　of　the　administration；　and　still　　warmer　friends　of　their　country；　who　believed　that　a　bolder；　a　　less　timid；　a　less　cautious　policy　would　have　been　wiser；　that　in　　revolutionary　times　boldness；　what　in　other　times　would　be　　rashness；　is　the　highest　prudence；　on　the　side　of　the　government　　as　well　as　on　the　side　of　the　revolution；　that　when　once　it　has　　shown　itself；　the　rebellion　that　hesitates；　deliberates；　consults；　　is　defeated　and　so　is　the　government。　　The　seceders　owed　from　the　　first　their　successes　not　to　their　superior　organization；　to　　their　better　preparation；　or　to　the　better　discipline　and　　appointment　of　their　armies；　but　to　their　very　rashness；　to　their　　audacity　even；　and　the　hesitancy；　cautious　and　deliberation　of　　the　government。　　Napoleon　owed　his　successes　as　general　and　　civilian　far　more　to　the　air　of　power　he　assumed；　and　the　　conviction　he　produced　of　his　invincibility　in　the　minds　of　his　　opponents；　than　to　his　civil　or　315　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　military　strategy　and　tactics；　　admirable　as　they　both　were。　　But　the　government　believed　it　　wisest　to　adopt　a　conciliatory　and；　in　many　respects；　a　　temporizing　policy；　and　to　rely　more　on　weakening　the　　secessionists　in　their　respective　States　than　on　strengthening　　the　hands　and　hearts　of　its　own　staunch　and　uncompromising　　supporters。　　It　must　strengthen　the　Union　party　in　the　　insurrectionary　States；　and　as　this　party　hoped　to　succeed　by　　political　manipulation　rather　than　by　military　force；　the　　government　must　rely　rather　on　a　show　of　military　power　than　on　　gaining　any　decisive　battle。　　As　it　hoped；　or　affected　to　hope；　　to　suppress　the　rebellion　in　the　States　that　seceded　through　　their　loyal　citizens；　it　was　obliged　to　assume　that　secession　was　　the　work　of　a　faction；　of　a　few　ambitious　and　disappointed　　politicians；　and　that　the　States　were　all　in　the　Union；　and　　continued　in　the　loyal　portion　of　their　inhabitants。　　Hence　its　　aid　to　the　loyal　Virginians　to　organize　as　the　State　of　Virginia；　　and　its　subsequent　efforts　to　organize　the　Union　men　in　　Louisiana；　Arkansas；　and　Tennessee；　and　its　disposition　to　　recognize　their　organization　in　each　of　those　States　as　the　State　　itself；　though　including　only　a　small　minority　of　the　territorial　　people。　　Had　the　facts　been　316　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　as　assumed；　the　government　might　have　　treated　the　loyal　people　of　each　State　as　the　State　itself；　　without　any　gross　usurpation　of　power；　but；　unhappily；　the　facts　　assumed　were　not　facts；　and　it　was　soon　found　that　the　Union　　party　in　all　the　States　that　seceded；　except　the　western　part　of　　Virginia　and　the　eastern　section　of　Tennessee；　after　secession　　had　been　carried　by　the　popular　vote；　went　almost　unanimously　　with　the　secessionists；　for　they　as　well　as　the　secessionists　　held　the　doctrine　of　State　sovereignty；　and　to　treat　the　handful　　of　citizens　that　remained　loyal　in　each　State　as　the　State　　itself；　became　ridiculous；　and　the　government　should　have　seen　　and　acknowledged　it。

The　rebellion　being　really　territorial；　and　not　personal；　the　　State　that　seceded　was　no　more　continued　in　the　loyal　than　in　the　　disloyal　population。　　While　the　war　lasted；　both　were　public　　enemies　of　the　United　States；　and　neither　had　or　could　have　any　　rights　as　a　State　in　the　Union。　　The　law　recognizes　a　solidarity　　of　all　the　citizens　of　a　State；　and　assumes　that；　when　a　State　is　　at　war；　all　its　citizens　are　at　war；　whether　approving　the　war　or　　not。　　The　loyal　people　in　the　States　that　seceded　incurred　none　　of　the　pains　and　penalties　of　treason；　but　they　retained　none　of　　the　political　rights　of　the　317　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　State　in　the　Union；　and；　in　　reorganizing　the　State　after　the　suppression　of　the　rebellion；　　they　have　no　more　right　to　take　part　than　the　secessionists　　themselves。　　They；　as　well　as　the　secessionists；　have　followed　　the　territory。　　It　was　on　this　point　that　the　government　　committed　its　gravest　mistake。　　As　to　the　reorganization　or　　reconstruction　of　the　State；　the　whole　territorial　people　stood　　on　the　same　footing。

Taking　the　decision　of　the　Supreme　Court　as　conclusive　on　the　　subject；　the　rebellion　was　territorial；　and；　therefore；　placed　　all　the　States　as　States　out　of　the　Union；　and　retained　them　only　　as　population　and　territory；　under　or　subject　to　the　Union。　　The　　States　ceased　to　exist；　that　is；　as　integral　elements　of　the　　national　sovereignty。　　The　question　then　occurred；　are　they　to　be　　erected　into　new　States；　or　are　they　to　be　reconstructed　and　　restored　to　the　Union　as　the　identical　old　States　that　seceded？　　　Shall　their　identity　be　revived　and　preserved；　or　shall　they　be　　new　States；　regardless　of　that　identity　？　　There　can　be　no　　question　that　the　work　to　be　done　was　that　of　restoration；　not　of　　creation；　no　tribe　should　perish　from　Israel；　no　star　be　struck　　from　the　firmament　of　the　Union。　　Every　inhabitant　of　the　fallen　　States；　and　every　citi…　318　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　zen　of　the　United　States　must　desire　them　　to　be　revived　and　continued　with　their　old　names　and　boundaries；　　and　all　true　Americans　wish　to　continue　the　constitution　as　it　　is；　and　the　Union　as　it　was。　　Who　would　see　old　Virginia；　the　　Virginia　of　revolutionary　fame；　of　Washington；　Jefferson；　　Madison；　of　Monroe；　the　〃Old　Dominion；〃　once　the　leading　State　of　　the　Union；　dead　without　hope　of　resurrection？　or　South　Carolina；　　the　land　of　Rutledge；　Moultrie；　Laurens；　Hayne；　Sumter；　and　　Marion？　　There　is　something　grating　to　him　who　values　State　　associations；　and　would　encourage　State　emulation　and　State　　pride；　in　the　mutilation　of　the　Old　Dominion　and　the　erection　　within　her　borders　of　the　new　State　called　West　Virginia。　　States　　in　the　Union　are　not　mere　prefectures；　or　mere　dependencies　on　　the　General　government；　created　for　the　convenience　of　　administration。　　They　have　an　individual；　a　real　existence　of　　their　own；　as　much　so　as　have　the　individual　members　of　society。　　　They　are　free　members；　not　of　a　confederation　indeed；　but　of　a　　higher　political　community；　and　reconstruction　should　restore　the　　identity　of　their　individual　life；　suspended　for　a　moment　by　　secession；　but　capable　of　resuscitation。

These　States　had　become；　indeed；　for　a　mo…　319　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　ment；　territory　under　　the　Union；　but　in　no　instance　had　they　or　could　they　become　　territory　that　had　never　existed　as　States。　　The　fact　that　the　　territory　and　people　had　existed　as　a　State；　could　with　regard　to　　none　of　them　be　obliterated；　and；　therefore；　they　could　not　be　　erected　into　absolutely　new　States。　　The　process　of　　reconstructing　them　could　not　be　the　same　as　that　of　creating　new　　States。　　In　creating　a　new　State；　Congress；　ex　necessitate；　　because　there　is　no　other　power　except　the　national　convention　　competent　to　do　it；　defines　the　boundaries　of　the　new　State；　and　　prescribes　the　electoral　people；　or　who　may　take　part　in　the　　preliminary　organization　but　in　reconstructing　States　it　does　　neither；　for　both　are　done　by　a　law　Congress　is　not　competent　to　　abrogate　or　modify；　and　which　can　be　done　only　by　the　United　　States　in　convention　assembled；　or　by　the　State　itself　after　its　　restoration。　　The　government　has　conceded　this；　and；　in　part；　has　　acted　on　it。　　It　preserves；　except　in　Virginia；　the　old　　boundaries；　and　recognizes；　or　rather　professes　to　recognize　the　　old　electoral　law；　only　it　claims　the　right　to　exclude　from　the　　electoral　people　those　who　have　voluntarily　taken　part　in　the　　rebellion。

The　work　to　be　done　in　States　that　have　se…　320　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　ceded　is　that　of　　reconstruction；　not　creation；　and　this　work　is　not　and　cannot　be　　done；　exclusively　nor　chiefly　by　the　General　government；　either　　by　the　Executive　or　by　Congress。　　That　government　can　appoint　　military；　or　even　provisional　governors；　who　may　designate　the　　time　and　place　of　holding　the　convention　of　the　electoral　people　　of　the　disorganized　State；　as　also　the　time　and　place　of　holding　　the　elections　of　delegates　to　it；　and　superintend　the　elections　　so　far　as　to　see　the　polls　are　opened；　and　that　none　but　　qualified　electors　vote；　but　nothing　more。　　All　the　rest　is　the　　work　of　the　territorial　electoral　people　themselves；　for　the　　State　within　its　own　sphere　must；　as　one　of　the　United　States；　be　　a　self…governing　community。　　The　General　government　may　concede　　or　withhold　permission　to　the　disorganized　State　to　reorganize；　　as　it　judges　advisable；　but　it　cannot　itself　reorganize　it。　　If　it　　concedes　the　permission；　it　must　leave　the　whole　electoral　people　　under　the　preexisting　electoral　law　free　to　take　part　in　the　work　　of　reorganization；　and　to　vote　according　to　their　own　judgment。　　　It　has　no　authority　to　purge　the　electoral　people；　and　say　who　　may　or　may　not　vote；　for　the　whole　question　of　suffrage　and　the　　qualifications　of　electors　is　left　to　the　State；　and　can　be　　settled　neither　321　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　by　an　act　of　Congress　nor　by　an　Executive　　proclamation。

If　the　government　theory　were　admissible；　that　the　disorganized　　States　remain　States　in　the　Union；　the　General　government　could　　have　nothing　to　say　on　the　s