the six enneads- 第140部分

ility　even…　of　confining　it　within　a　definition。　　　　　But　how　can　it　be　a　Form　in　cases　where　the　motion　leads　to　deterioration；　or　is　purely　passive？　Motion；　we　may　suggest；　is　like　the　heat　of　the　sun　causing　some　things　to　grow　and　withering　others。　In　so　far　as　Motion　is　a　common　property；　it　is　identical　in　both　conditions；　its　apparent　difference　is　due　to　the　objects　moved。　　　　　Is；　then；　becoming　ill　identical　with　becoming　well？　As　motions　they　are　identical。　In　what　respect；　then；　do　they　differ？　In　their　substrates？　or　is　there　some　other　criterion？　　　　　This　question　may　however　be　postponed　until　we　come　to　consider　alteration：　at　present　we　have　to　discover　what　is　the　constant　element　in　every　motion；　for　only　on　this　basis　can　we　establish　the　claim　of　Motion　to　be　a　genus。　　　　　Perhaps　the　one　term　covers　many　meanings；　its　claim　to　generic　status　would　then　correspond　to　that　of　Being。　　　　　As　a　solution　of　the　problem　we　may　suggest　that　motions　conducing　to　the　natural　state　or　functioning　in　natural　conditions　should　perhaps；　as　we　have　already　asserted；　be　regarded　as　being　in　a　sense　Forms；　while　those　whose　direction　is　contrary　to　nature　must　be　supposed　to　be　assimilated　to　the　results　towards　which　they　lead。　　　　　But　what　is　the　constant　element　in　alteration；　in　growth　and　birth　and　their　opposites；　in　local　change？　What　is　that　which　makes　them　all　motions？　Surely　it　is　the　fact　that　in　every　case　the　object　is　never　in　the　same　state　before　and　after　the　motion；　that　it　cannot　remain　still　and　in　complete　inactivity　but；　so　long　as　the　motion　is　present；　is　continually　urged　to　take　a　new　condition；　never　acquiescing　in　Identity　but　always　courting　Difference；　deprived　of　Difference；　Motion　perishes。　　　　　Thus；　Difference　may　be　predicated　of　Motion；　not　merely　in　the　sense　that　it　arises　and　persists　in　a　difference　of　conditions；　but　in　the　sense　of　being　itself　perpetual　difference。　It　follows　that　Time；　as　being　created　by　Motion；　also　entails　perpetual　difference：　Time　is　the　measure　of　unceasing　Motion；　accompanying　its　course　and；　as　it　were；　carried　along　its　stream。　　　　　In　short；　the　common　basis　of　all　Motion　is　the　existence　of　a　progression　and　an　urge　from　potentiality　and　the　potential　to　actuality　and　the　actual：　everything　which　has　any　kind　of　motion　whatsoever　derives　this　motion　from　a　pre…existent　potentiality　within　itself　of　activity　or　passivity。　　　　　23。　The　Motion　which　acts　upon　Sensible　objects　enters　from　without；　and　so　shakes；　drives；　rouses　and　thrusts　its　participants　that　they　may　neither　rest　nor　preserve　their　identity…　and　all　to　the　end　that　they　may　be　caught　into　that　restlessness；　that　flustering　excitability　which　is　but　an　image　of　Life。　　　　　We　must　avoid　identifying　Motion　with　the　objects　moved：　by　walking　we　do　not　mean　the　feet　but　the　activity　springing　from　a　potentiality　in　the　feet。　Since　the　potentiality　is　invisible；　we　see　of　necessity　only　the　active　feet…　that　is　to　say；　not　feet　simply；　as　would　be　the　case　if　they　were　at　rest；　but　something　besides　feet；　something　invisible　but　indirectly　seen　as　an　accompaniment　by　the　fact　that　we　observe　the　feet　to　be　in　ever…changing　positions　and　no　longer　at　rest。　We　infer　alteration；　on　the　other　hand；　from　the　qualitative　change　in　the　thing　altered。　　　　　Where；　then；　does　Motion　reside；　when　there　is　one　thing　that　moves　and　another　that　passes　from　an　inherent　potentiality　to　actuality？　In　the　mover？　How　then　will　the　moved；　the　patient；　participate　in　the　motion？　In　the　moved？　Then　why　does　not　Motion　remain　in　it；　once　having　come？　It　would　seem　that　Motion　must　neither　be　separated　from　the　active　principle　nor　allowed　to　reside　in　it；　it　must　proceed　from　agent　to　patient　without　so　inhering　in　the　latter　as　to　be　severed　from　the　former；　passing　from　one　to　the　other　like　a　breath　of　wind。　　　　　Now；　when　the　potentiality　of　Motion　consists　in　an　ability　to　walk；　it　may　be　imagined　as　thrusting　a　man　forward　and　causing　him　to　be　continually　adopting　a　different　position；　when　it　lies　in　the　capacity　to　heat；　it　heats；　when　the　potentiality　takes　hold　of　Matter　and　builds　up　the　organism；　we　have　growth；　and　when　another　potentiality　demolishes　the　structure；　the　result　is　decay；　that　which　has　the　potentiality　of　demolition　experiencing　the　decay。　Where　the　birth…giving　principle　is　active；　we　find　birth；　where　it　is　impotent　and　the　power　to　destroy　prevails；　destruction　takes　place…　not　the　destruction　of　what　already　exists；　but　that　which　intervenes　upon　the　road　to　existence。　　　　　Health　comes　about　in　the　same　way…　when　the　power　which　produces　health　is　active　and　predominant；　sickness　is　the　result　of　the　opposite　power　working　in　the　opposite　direction。　　　　　Thus；　Motion　is　conditioned；　not　only　by　the　objects　in　which　it　occurs；　but　also　by　its　origins　and　its　course；　and　it　is　a　distinctive　mark　of　Motion　to　be　always　qualified　and　to　take　its　quality　from　the　moved。　　　　　24。　With　regard　to　locomotion：　if　ascending　is　to　be　held　contrary　to　descending；　and　circular　motion　different　＇in　kind＇　from　motion　in　a　straight　line；　we　may　ask　how　this　difference　is　to　be　defined…　the　difference；　for　example；　between　throwing　over　the　head　and　under　the　feet。　　　　　The　driving　power　is　one…　though　indeed　it　might　be　maintained　that　the　upward　drive　is　different　from　the　downward；　and　the　downward　passage　of　a　different　character　from　the　upward；　especially　if　it　be　a　natural　motion；　in　which　case　the　up…motion　constitutes　lightness；　the　down…motion　heaviness。　　　　　But　in　all　these　motions　alike　there　is　the　common　tendency　to　seek　an　appointed　place；　and　in　this　tendency　we　seem　to　have　the　differentia　which　separates　locomotion　from　the　other　species。　　　　　As　for　motion　in　a　circle　and　motion　in　a　straight　line；　if　the　former　is　in　practice　indistinguishable　from　the　latter；　how　can　we　regard　them　as　different？　The　only　difference　lies　in　the　shape　of　the　course；　unless　the　view　be　taken　that　circular　motion　is　〃impure；〃　as　not　being　entirely　a　motion；　not　involving　a　complete　surrender　of　identity。　　　　　However；　it　appears　in　general　that　locomotion　is　a　definite　unity；　taking　its　differences　from　externals。　　　　　25。　The　nature　of　integration　and　disintegrations　calls　for　scrutiny。　Are　they　different　from　the　motions　above　mentioned；　from　coming…to…be　and　passing…away；　from　growth　and　decay；　from　change　of　place　and　from　alteration？　or　must　they　be　referred　to　these？　or；　again；　must　some　of　these　be　regarded　as　types　of　integration　and　disintegration？　　　　　If　integration　implies　that　one　element　proceeds　towards　another；　implies　in　short　an　approach；　and　disintegration；　on　the　other　hand；　a　retreat　into　the　background；　such　motions　may　be　termed　local；　we　have　clearly　a　case　of　two　things　moving　in　the　direction　of　unity；　or　else　making　away　from　each　other。　　　　　If　however　the　things　achieve　a　sort　of　fusion；　mixture；　blending；　and　if　a　unity　comes　into　being；　not　when　the　process　of　combination　is　already　complete；　but　in　the　very　act　of　combining；　to　which　of　our　specified　motions　shall　we　refer　this　type？　There　will　certainly　be　locomotion　at　first；　but　it　will　be　succeeded　by　something　different；　just　as　in　growth　locomotion　is　found　at　the　outset；　though　later　it　is　supplanted　by　quantitative　motion。　The　present　case　is　similar：　locomotion　leads　the　way；　but　integration　or　disintegration　does　not　inevitably　follow；　integration　takes　place　only　when　the　impinging　elements　become　intertwined；　disintegration　only　when　they　are　rent　asunder　by　the　contact。　　　　　On　the　other　hand；　it　often　happens　that　locomotion　follows　disintegration；　or　else　occurs　simultaneously；　though　the　experience　of　the　disintegrated　is　not　conceived　in　terms　of　locomotion：　so　too　in　integration　a　distinct　experience；　a　distinct　unification；　accompanies　the　locomotion　and　remains　separate　from　it。　　　　　Are　we　then　to　posit　a　new　species　for　these　two　motions；　adding　to　them；　perhaps；　alteration？　A　thing　is　altered　by　becoming　dense…　in　other　words；　by　integration；　it　is　altered　again　by　being　rarefied…　that　is；　by　disintegration。　When　wine　and　water　are　mixed；　something　is　produced　different　from　either　of　the　pre…existing　elements：　thus；　integration　takes　place；　resulting　in　alteration。　　　　　But　perhaps　we　should　recall　a　previous　distinction；　and　while　holding　that　integrations　and　disintegrations　precede　alterations；　should　maintain　that　alterations　are　nonetheless　distinct　from　either；　that；　further；　not　every　alteration　is　of　this　type　＇presupposing；　that　is　to　say；　integration　or　disintegration＇；　and；　in　particular；　rarefication　and　condensation　are　not　identical　with　disintegration　and　integration；　nor　in　any　sense　derived　from　them：　to　suppose　that　they　were　would　involve　the　admission　of　a　vacuum。　　　　　Again；　can　we　use　integration　and　disintegration　to　explain　blackness　and　whiteness？　But　to　doubt　the　independent　existence　of　these　qualities　means　that；　beginning　with　colours；　we　may　end　by　annihilating　almost　all　qualities；　or　rather　all　without　exception；　for　if　we　identify　every　alteration；　or　qualitative　change；　with　integration　and　disintegration；　we　allow　nothing　whatever　to　come　into　existence；　the　same　elements　persist；　nearer　or　farther　apart。　　　　　Finally；　how　is　it　possible　to　class　learning　and　being　taught　as　integrations？　　　　　26。　We　may　now　take　the　various　specific　types　of　Motion；　such　as　locomotion；　and　once　again　enquire　for　each　one　whether　it　is　not　to　be　divided　on　the　basis　of　direction；　up；　down；　straight；　circular…　a　question　already　raised；　whether　the　organic　motion　should　be　distinguished　from　the　inorganic…　they　are　clearly　not　alike；　whether；　again；　organic　motions　should　be　subdivided　into　walking；　swimming　and　flight。　　　　　Perhaps　we　should　also　distinguish；　in　each　species；　natural　from　unnatural　motions：　this　distinction　would　however　imply　that　motions　have　differences　which　are　not　external。　It　may　indeed　be　the　case　that　motions　create　these　differences　and　cannot　exist　without　them；　but　Nature　may　be　supposed　to　be　the　ultimate　source　of　motions　and　differences　alike。　　　　　Motions　may　also　be　classed　as　natural；　artificial　and　purposive：　〃natural〃　embracing　growth　and　decay；　〃artificial〃　architecture　and　shi