the six enneads- 第38部分

tion　from　one　source：　therefore；　it　is　argued；　the　entire　descending　claim　of　causes　and　all　their　interaction　must　follow　inevitably　and　so　constitute　a　universal　determination。　A　plant　rises　from　a　root；　and　we　are　asked　on　that　account　to　reason　that　not　only　the　interconnection　linking　the　root　to　all　the　members　and　every　member　to　every　other　but　the　entire　activity　and　experience　of　the　plant；　as　well；　must　be　one　organized　overruling；　a　〃destiny〃　of　the　plant。　　　　　But　such　an　extremity　of　determination；　a　destiny　so　all…pervasive；　does　away　with　the　very　destiny　that　is　affirmed：　it　shatters　the　sequence　and　co…operation　of　causes。　　　　　It　would　be　unreasonable　to　attribute　to　destiny　the　movement　of　our　limbs　dictated　by　the　mind　and　will：　this　is　no　case　of　something　outside　bestowing　motion　while　another　thing　accepts　it　and　is　thus　set　into　action；　the　mind　itself　is　the　prime　mover。　　　　　Similarly　in　the　case　of　the　universal　system；　if　all　that　performs　act　and　is　subject　to　experience　constitutes　one　substance；　if　one　thing　does　not　really　produce　another　thing　under　causes　leading　back　continuously　one　to　another；　then　it　is　not　a　truth　that　all　happens　by　causes；　there　is　nothing　but　a　rigid　unity。　We　are　no　〃We〃：　nothing　is　our　act；　our　thought　is　not　ours；　our　decisions　are　the　reasoning　of　something　outside　ourselves；　we　are　no　more　agents　than　our　feet　are　kickers　when　we　use　them　to　kick　with。　　　　　No；　each　several　thing　must　be　a　separate　thing；　there　must　be　acts　and　thoughts　that　are　our　own；　the　good　and　evil　done　by　each　human　being　must　be　his　own；　and　it　is　quite　certain　that　we　must　not　lay　any　vileness　to　the　charge　of　the　All。　　　　　5。　But　perhaps　the　explanation　of　every　particular　act　or　event　is　rather　that　they　are　determined　by　the　spheric　movement…　the　Phora…　and　by　the　changing　position　of　the　heavenly　bodies　as　these　stand　at　setting　or　rising　or　in　mid…course　and　in　various　aspects　with　each　other。　　　　　Augury；　it　is　urged；　is　able　from　these　indications　to　foretell　what　is　to　happen　not　merely　to　the　universe　as　a　whole；　but　even　to　individuals；　and　this　not　merely　as　regards　external　conditions　of　fortune　but　even　as　to　the　events　of　the　mind。　We　observe；　too；　how　growth　or　check　in　other　orders　of　beings…　animals　and　Plants…　is　determined　by　their　sympathetic　relations　with　the　heavenly　bodies　and　how　widely　they　are　influenced　by　them；　how；　for　example；　the　various　countries　show　a　different　produce　according　to　their　situation　on　the　earth　and　especially　their　lie　towards　the　sun。　And　the　effect　of　place　is　not　limited　to　plants　and　animals；　it　rules　human　beings　too；　determining　their　appearance；　their　height　and　colour；　their　mentality　and　their　desires；　their　pursuits　and　their　moral　habit。　Thus　the　universal　circuit　would　seem　to　be　the　monarch　of　the　All。　　　　　Now　a　first　answer　to　this　theory　is　that　its　advocates　have　merely　devised　another　shift　to　immolate　to　the　heavenly　bodies　all　that　is　ours；　our　acts　of　will　and　our　states；　all　the　evil　in　us；　our　entire　personality；　nothing　is　allowed　to　us；　we　are　left　to　be　stones　set　rolling；　not　men；　not　beings　whose　nature　implies　a　task。　　　　　But　we　must　be　allowed　our　own…　with　the　understanding　that　to　what　is　primarily　ours；　our　personal　holding；　there　is　added　some　influx　from　the　All…　the　distinction　must　be　made　between　our　individual　act　and　what　is　thrust　upon　us：　we　are　not　to　be　immolated　to　the　stars。　　　　　Place　and　climate；　no　doubt；　produce　constitutions　warmer　or　colder；　and　the　parents　tell　on　the　offspring；　as　is　seen　in　the　resemblance　between　them；　very　general　in　personal　appearance　and　noted　also　in　some　of　the　unreflecting　states　of　the　mind。　　　　　None　the　less；　in　spite　of　physical　resemblance　and　similar　environment；　we　observe　the　greatest　difference　in　temperament　and　in　ideas：　this　side　of　the　human　being；　then；　derives　from　some　quite　other　Principle　＇than　any　external　causation　or　destiny＇。　A　further　confirmation　is　found　in　the　efforts　we　make　to　correct　both　bodily　constitution　and　mental　aspirations。　　　　　If　the　stars　are　held　to　be　causing　principles　on　the　ground　of　the　possibility　of　foretelling　individual　fate　or　fortune　from　observation　of　their　positions；　then　the　birds　and　all　the　other　things　which　the　soothsayer　observes　for　divination　must　equally　be　taken　as　causing　what　they　indicate。　　　　　Some　further　considerations　will　help　to　clarify　this　matter：　　　　　The　heavens　are　observed　at　the　moment　of　a　birth　and　the　individual　fate　is　thence　predicted　in　the　idea　that　the　stars　are　no　mere　indications；　but　active　causes；　of　the　future　events。　Sometimes　the　Astrologers　tell　of　noble　birth；　〃the　child　is　born　of　highly　placed　parents〃；　yet　how　is　it　possible　to　make　out　the　stars　to　be　causes　of　a　condition　which　existed　in　the　father　and　mother　previously　to　that　star　pattern　on　which　the　prediction　is　based？　　　　　And　consider　still　further：　　　　　They　are　really　announcing　the　fortunes　of　parents　from　the　birth　of　children；　the　character　and　career　of　children　are　included　in　the　predictions　as　to　the　parents…　they　predict　for　the　yet　unborn！…　in　the　lot　of　one　brother　they　are　foretelling　the　death　of　another；　a　girl's　fate　includes　that　of　a　future　husband；　a　boy's　that　of　a　wife。　　　　　Now；　can　we　think　that　the　star…grouping　over　any　particular　birth　can　be　the　cause　of　what　stands　already　announced　in　the　facts　about　the　parents？　Either　the　previous　star…groupings　were　the　determinants　of　the　child's　future　career　or；　if　they　were　not；　then　neither　is　the　immediate　grouping。　And　notice　further　that　physical　likeness　to　the　parents…　the　Astrologers　hold…　is　of　purely　domestic　origin：　this　implies　that　ugliness　and　beauty　are　so　caused　and　not　by　astral　movements。　　　　　Again；　there　must　at　one　and　the　same　time　be　a　widespread　coming　to　birth…　men；　and　the　most　varied　forms　of　animal　life　at　the　same　moment…　and　these　should　all　be　under　the　one　destiny　since　the　one　pattern　rules　at　the　moment；　how　explain　that　identical　star…groupings　give　here　the　human　form；　there　the　animal？　　　　　6。　But　in　fact　everything　follows　its　own　Kind；　the　birth　is　a　horse　because　it　comes　from　the　Horse　Kind；　a　man　by　springing　from　the　Human　Kind；　offspring　answers　to　species。　Allow　the　kosmic　circuit　its　part；　a　very　powerful　influence　upon　the　thing　brought　into　being：　allow　the　stars　a　wide　material　action　upon　the　bodily　part　of　the　man；　producing　heat　and　cold　and　their　natural　resultants　in　the　physical　constitution；　still　does　such　action　explain　character；　vocation　and　especially　all　that　seems　quite　independent　of　material　elements；　a　man　taking　to　letters；　to　geometry；　to　gambling；　and　becoming　an　originator　in　any　of　these　pursuits？　And　can　we　imagine　the　stars；　divine　beings；　bestowing　wickedness？　And　what　of　a　doctrine　that　makes　them　wreak　vengeance；　as　for　a　wrong；　because　they　are　in　their　decline　or　are　being　carried　to　a　position　beneath　the　earth…　as　if　a　decline　from　our　point　of　view　brought　any　change　to　themselves；　as　if　they　ever　ceased　to　traverse　the　heavenly　spheres　and　to　make　the　same　figure　around　the　earth。　　　　　Nor　may　we　think　that　these　divine　beings　lose　or　gain　in　goodness　as　they　see　this　one　or　another　of　the　company　in　various　aspects；　and　that　in　their　happier　position　they　are　benignant　to　us　and；　less　pleasantly　situated；　turn　maleficent。　We　can　but　believe　that　their　circuit　is　for　the　protection　of　the　entirety　of　things　while　they　furnish　the　incidental　service　of　being　letters　on　which　the　augur；　acquainted　with　that　alphabet；　may　look　and　read　the　future　from　their　pattern…　arriving　at　the　thing　signified　by　such　analogies　as　that　a　soaring　bird　tells　of　some　lofty　event。　　　　　7。　It　remains　to　notice　the　theory　of　the　one　Causing…Principle　alleged　to　interweave　everything　with　everything　else；　to　make　things　into　a　chain；　to　determine　the　nature　and　condition　of　each　phenomenon…　a　Principle　which；　acting　through　seminal　Reason…Forms…　Logoi　Spermatikoi…　elaborates　all　that　exists　and　happens。　　　　　The　doctrine　is　close　to　that　which　makes　the　Soul　of　the　Universe　the　source　and　cause　of　all　condition　and　of　all　movement　whether　without　or…　supposing　that　we　are　allowed　as　individuals　some　little　power　towards　personal　act…　within　ourselves。　　　　　But　it　is　the　theory　of　the　most　rigid　and　universal　Necessity：　all　the　causative　forces　enter　into　the　system；　and　so　every　several　phenomenon　rises　necessarily；　where　nothing　escapes　Destiny；　nothing　has　power　to　check　or　to　change。　Such　forces　beating　upon　us；　as　it　were；　from　one　general　cause　leave　us　no　resource　but　to　go　where　they　drive。　All　our　ideas　will　be　determined　by　a　chain　of　previous　causes；　our　doings　will　be　determined　by　those　ideas；　personal　action　becomes　a　mere　word。　That　we　are　the　agents　does　not　save　our　freedom　when　our　action　is　prescribed　by　those　causes；　we　have　precisely　what　belongs　to　everything　that　lives；　to　infants　guided　by　blind　impulses；　to　lunatics；　all　these　act；　why；　even　fire　acts；　there　is　act　in　everything　that　follows　the　plan　of　its　being；　servilely。　　　　　No　one　that　sees　the　implications　of　this　theory　can　hesitate：　unable　to　halt　at　such　a　determinant　principle；　we　seek　for　other　explanations　of　our　action。　　　　　8。　What　can　this　other　cause　be；　one　standing　above　those　treated　of；　one　that　leaves　nothing　causeless；　that　preserves　sequence　and　order　in　the　Universe　and　yet　allows　ourselves　some　reality　and　leaves　room　for　prediction　and　augury？　　　　　Soul：　we　must　place　at　the　crest　of　the　world　of　beings；　this　other　Principle；　not　merely　the　Soul　of　the　Universe　but；　included　in　it；　the　Soul　of　the　individual：　this；　no　mean　Principle；　is　needed　to　be　the　bond　of　union　in　the　total　of　things；　not；　itself；　a　thing　sprung　like　things　from　life…seeds；　but　a　first…hand　Cause；　bodiless　and　therefore　supreme　over　itself；　free；　beyond　the　reach　of　kosmic　Cause：　for；　brought　into　body；　it　would　not　be　unrestrictedly　sovereign；　it　would　hold　rank　in　a　series。　　　　　Now　the　environment　into　which　this　independent　principle　enters；　when　it　comes　to　this　midpoint；　will　be　largely　led　by　secondary　causes　＇or；　by　chance…causes＇：　there　will　therefore　be　a　compromise；　the　action　of　the　Soul　will　be　in　part　guided　by　this　environment