t quantity； or what difference of quality； can apply to a thing defined as a self…consistent whole of unbroken unity？ Again； would perception be vested in that leading principle alone； or in the other phases as well？ If a given experience bears only on that 〃leading principle；〃 it would not be felt as lodged in any particular members of the organism； if； on the other hand； it fastens on some other phase of the soul… one not constituted for sensation… that phase cannot transmit any experience to the leading principle； and there can be no sensation。 Again； suppose sensation vested in the 〃leading…principle〃 itself： then； a first alternative； it will be felt in some one part of that ＇some specifically sensitive phase＇； the other part excluding a perception which could serve no purpose； or； in the second alternative； there will be many distinct sensitive phases； an infinite number； with difference from one to another。 In that second case； one sensitive phase will declare 〃I had this sensation primarily〃； others will have to say 〃I felt the sensation that rose elsewhere〃； but either the site of the experience will be a matter of doubt to every phase except the first； or each of the parts of the soul will be deceived into allocating the occurrence within its own particular sphere。 If； on the contrary； the sensation is vested not merely in the 〃leading principle；〃 but in any and every part of the soul； what special function raises the one rather than the other into that leading rank； or why is the sensation to be referred to it rather than elsewhere？ And how； at this； account for the unity of the knowledge brought in by diverse senses； by eyes； by ears？ On the other hand； if the soul is a perfect unity… utterly strange to part； a self…gathered whole… if it continuously eludes all touch of multiplicity and divisibility… then； no whole taken up into it can ever be ensouled； soul will stand as circle…centre to every object ＇remote on the circumference＇； and the entire mass of a living being is soulless still。 There is； therefore； no escape： soul is； in the degree indicated； one and many； parted and impartible。 We cannot question the possibility of a thing being at once a unity and multi…present； since to deny this would be to abolish the principle which sustains and administers the universe； there must be a Kind which encircles and supports all and conducts all with wisdom； a principle which is multiple since existence is multiple； and yet is one soul always since a container must be a unity： by the multiple unity of its nature； it will furnish life to the multiplicity of the series of an all； by its impartible unity； it will conduct a total to wise ends。 In the case of things not endowed with intelligence； the 〃leading…principle〃 is their mere unity… a lower reproduction of the soul's efficiency。 This is the deeper meaning of the profound passage ＇in the Timaeus＇； where we read 〃By blending the impartible； eternally unchanging essence with that in division among bodies； he produced a third form of essence partaking of both qualities。〃 Soul； therefore； is； in this definite sense； one and many； the Ideal…Form resident in body is many and one； bodies themselves are exclusively many； the Supreme is exclusively one。 THIRD TRACTATE。
PROBLEMS OF THE SOUL （1）。
1。 The soul： what dubious questions concerning it admit of solution； or where we must abide our doubt… with； at least； the gain of recognizing the problem that confronts us… this is matter well worth attention。 On what subject can we more reasonably expend the time required by minute discussion and investigation？ Apart from much else； it is enough that such an enquiry illuminates two grave questions： of what sphere the soul is the principle； and whence the soul itself springs。 Moreover； we will be only obeying the ordinance of the God who bade us know ourselves。 Our general instinct to seek and learn； our longing to possess ourselves of whatsoever is lovely in the vision will； in all reason； set us enquiring into the nature of the instrument with which we search。 Now even in the universal Intellect ＇Divine Mind＇ there was duality； so that we would expect differences of condition in things of part： how some things rather than others come to be receptacles of the divine beings will need to be examined； but all this we may leave aside until we are considering the mode in which soul comes to occupy body。 For the moment we return to our argument against those who maintain our souls to be offshoots from the soul of the universe ＇parts and an identity modally parted＇。 Our opponents will probably deny the validity of our arguments against the theory that the human soul is a mere segment of the All…Soul… the considerations； namely； that it is of identical scope； and that it is intellective in the same degree； supposing them； even； to admit that equality of intellection。 They will object that parts must necessarily fall under one ideal…form with their wholes。 And they will adduce Plato as expressing their view where； in demonstrating that the All is ensouled； he says 〃As our body is a portion of the body of the All； so our soul is a portion of the soul of the All。〃 It is admitted on clear evidence that we are borne along by the Circuit of the All； we will be told that… taking character and destiny from it； strictly inbound with it… we must derive our souls； also； from what thus bears us up； and that as within ourselves every part absorbs from our soul so； analogically； we； standing as parts to the universe； absorb from the Soul of the All as parts of it。 They will urge also that the dictum 〃The collective soul cares for all the unensouled；〃 carries the same implication and could be uttered only in the belief that nothing whatever of later origin stands outside the soul of the universe； the only soul there can be there to concern itself with the unensouled。 2。 To this our first answer is that to place certain things under one identical class… by admitting an identical range of operation… is to make them of one common species； and puts an end to all mention of part； the reasonable conclusion would be； on the contrary； that there is one identical soul； every separate manifestation being that soul complete。 Our opponents after first admitting the unity go on to make our soul dependent on something else； something in which we have no longer the soul of this or that； even of the universe； but a soul of nowhere； a soul belonging neither to the kosmos； nor to anything else； and yet vested with all the function inherent to the kosmic soul and to that of every ensouled thing。 The soul considered as an entirety cannot be a soul of any one given thing… since it is an Essence ＇a divine Real…Being＇… or； at least； there must be a soul which is not exclusively the soul of any particular thing； and those attached to particulars must so belong merely in some mode of accident。 In such questions as this it is important to clarify the significance of 〃part。〃 Part； as understood of body… uniform or varied… need not detain us； it is enough to indicate that； when part is mentioned in respect of things whose members are alike； it refers to mass and not to ideal…form ＇specific idea＇： take for example； whiteness： the whiteness in a portion of milk is not a part of the whiteness of milk in general： we have the whiteness of a portion not a portion of whiteness； for whiteness is utterly without magnitude； has nothing whatever to do with quantity。 That is all we need say with regard to part in material things； but part in the unembodied may be taken in various ways。 We may think of it in the sense familiar in numbers； 〃two〃 a part of the standard 〃ten〃… in abstract numbers of course… or as we think of a segment of a circle； or line ＇abstractly considered＇； or； again； of a section or branch of knowledge。 In the case of the units of reckoning and of geometrical figure； exactly as in that of corporeal masses； partition must diminish the total； the part must be less than the whole； for these are things of quantity； and have their being as things of quantity； and… since they are not the ideal…form Quantity… they are subject to increase and decrease。 Now in such a sense as this； part cannot be affirmed of the soul。 The soul is not a thing of quantity； we are not to conceive of the All…Soul as some standard ten with particular souls as its constituent units。 Such a conception would entail many absurdities： The Ten could not be ＇essentially＇ a unity ＇the Soul would be an aggregation； not a self…standing Real…Being＇ and； further… unless every one of the single constituents were itself an All…Soul… the All…Soul would be formed of non…souls。 Again； it is admitted that the particular soul… this 〃part of the All…Soul… is of one ideal…form with it； but this does not entail the relation of part to whole； since in objects formed of continuous parts there is nothing inevitably making any portion uniform with the total： take； for example； the parts of a circle or square； we may divide it in different ways so as to get our part； a triangle need not be divided into triangles； all sorts of different figures are possible： yet an absolute uniformity is admitted to reign throughout soul。 In a line； no doubt； the part is inevitably a line； but even here there is a necessary difference in size； and if； in the case of the soul we similarly called upon magnitude as the distinction between constituents and collective soul； then soul； thus classed by magnitude becomes quantitative； and is simply body。 But it is admitted that all souls are alike and are entireties； clearly； soul is not subject to part in the sense in which magnitudes are： our opponents themselves would not consent to the notion of the All…Soul being whittled down into fragments； yet this is what they would be doing； annulling the All…Soul… if any collective soul existed at all… making it a mere piece of terminology； thinking of it like wine separated into many portions； each portion； in its jar； being described as a portion of the total thing； wine。 Next there is the conception of the individual soul as a part in the sense in which we speak of