the origins of contemporary france-4- 第100部分

in　Conde's　army。　　Twelve　officers　of　these　two　corps　were　brothers…in…

law；　nephews；　first…cousins　and　cousins　of　the　two　commanders；　the

first　of　whom　entered　the　service　at　fifteen；　and　the　second　at

eleven。　　…　Cf。　　〃Mémoires　du　Prince　de　Ligne。〃　At　seven　or　eight　years

of　age　I　had　already　witnessed　the　din　of　battle；　I　had　been　in　a

besieged　town；　and　saw　three　sieges　from　a　window。　　A　little　older；　I

was　surrounded　by　soldiers；　old　retired　officers　belonging　to　various

services；　and　living　in　the　neighborhood　fed　my　passion。…　Turenne　said

〃I　slept　on　a　gun…carriage　at　the　age　of　ten。　　My　taste　for　war　was　so

great　as　to　lead　me　to　enlist　with　a　captain　of　the　'Royal　Vaissiaux；'

in　garrison　two　leagues　off。　　If　war　had　been　declared　I　would　have

gone　off　and　let　nobody　know　it。　　I　joined　his　company；　determined　not

to　owe　my　fortune　to　any　but　valorous　actions。〃　…　Cf。　　also　〃Mémoires

du　Maréchal　de　Saxe。〃　A　soldier　at　twelve；　in　the　Saxon　legion；

shouldering　his　musket；　and　marching　with　the　rest；　he　completed　each

stage　on　foot　from　Saxony　to　Flanders；　and　before　he　was　thirteen　took

part　in　the　battle　of　Malplaquet。



＇64＇　Alexandrine　des　Echerolles；　〃Un　Famille　Noble　sous　la　Terreur；〃

p。25。　　…　Cf。　　〃Correspondance　de　Madelle　de　Féring；〃　by　Honore

Bonhomme。　　The　two　sisters；　one　sixteen　and　the　other　thirteen；

disguised　as　men；　fought　with　their　father　in　Dumouriez'　army。　　…　See

the　sentiment　of　young　nobles　in　the　works　of　Berquin　and　Marmontel。

（Les　Rivaux　d'　Eux…meme。）



＇65＇　〃　The　Revolution；〃　I。；　158；　325。　　Ibid。；　the　affair　of　M。　de

Bussy；　306；　the　affair　of　the　eighty…two　gentlemen　of　Caen；　316。　　…

See　in　Rivarol　（〃Journal　Politique　Nationale〃）　details　of　the

admirable　conduct　of　the　Body…guards　at　Versailles；　Oct。　　5　and　6；

1789。



＇66＇　The　noble　families　under　the　ancient　regime　may　be　characterized

as　so　many　families　of　soldiers'　children。



＇67＇　〃L'Ancien　Régime　et　la　Revolution；〃　by　M。　de　Tocqueville；　p。169。

My　judgment；　likewise　based　on　the　study　of　texts；　and　especially

manuscript　texts；　coincides　here　as　elsewhere　with　that　of　M。　de

Tocqueville。　　Biographies　and　local　histories　contain　documents　too

numerous　to　be　cited。



＇68＇　Sauzay；　I。；　introduction；　and　Ludovic　Sciout；　〃　Histoire　de　la

Constitution　Civile　du　Clergé；〃　I。；　introduction。　　（See　in　Sauzay；

biographical　details　and　the　grades　of　the　principal　ecclesiastical

dignitaries　of　the　diocese　Besan？on。）　The　cathedral　chapter；　and　that

of　the　Madeleine；　could　be　entered　only　through　nobility　or　promotion；

it　was　requisite　for　a　graduate　to　have　a　noble　for　a　father；　or　a

doctor　of　divinity；　and　himself　be　a　doctor　of　divinity　or　in　canon

law。　　Analogous　titles；　although　lower　down；　were　requisite　for

collegiate　canons；　and　for　chaplains　or　familiars。



＇69＇　The　Revolution；〃　I。；　233。　　…　Cf。　　Emile　Ollivier；　〃L'Eglise　et

l'Etat　au　Concile　du　Vatican；〃　I。；　134；　II。；　511。



＇70＇　Morellet；　〃Mémoires；〃　I。；　8；　31。　　The　Sorbonne；　founded　by　Robert

Sorbon；　confessor　to　St。　　Louis；　was　an　association　resembling　one　of

the　Oxford　or　Cambridge　colleges；　that　is　to　say；　a　corporation

possessing　a　building；　revenues；　rules；　regulations　and　boarders；　its

object　was　to　afford　instruction　in　the　theological　sciences；　its

titular　members；　numbering　about　a　hundred；　were　mostly　bishops；

vicars…general；　canons；　curés　in　Paris　and　in　the　principal　towns。

Men　of　distinction　were　prepared　in　it　at　the　expense　of　the　Church。

…　The　examinations　for　the　doctorate　were　the　tentative；　the　mineure；

the　Sorbonique　and　the　majeure。　　A　talent　for　discussion　and　argument

was　particularly　developed。　　…　Cf。　　Ernest　Renan；　〃Souvenirs　d'Enfance

et　de　Jeunesse；〃　p。279；　（on　St。　　Sulpice　and　the　study　of　Theology）。



＇71＇　Cf。　　the　files　of　the　clergy　in　the　States…General；　and　the

reports　of　ecclesiastics　in　the　provincial　assemblies。



＇72＇　〃The　Revolution；〃　p。72。　　（Ed。　　Lafont　I；　p　223　etc。）



＇73＇　In　some　dioceses；　notably　that　of　Besan？on；　the　rural　parishes

were　served　by　distinguished　men。　　（Sauzay；　I。；　16。）　〃It　was　not

surprising　to　encounter　a　man　of　European　reputation；　like　Bergier；　so

long　curé　of　Flangebouche；　an　astronomer　of　great　merit；　like　M。

Mongin；　curé　of　la　Grand'Combe　des　Bois；　whose　works　occupy　an

honorable　place　in　Lalande's　bibliography；　all　passing　their　lives　in

the　midst　of　peasants。　　At　Rochejean；　a　priest　of　great　intelligence

and　fine　feeling；　M。　Boillon；　a　distinguished　naturalist；　had

converted　his　house　into　a　museum　of　natural　history　as　well　as　into

an　excellent　school。　　。　　。　　。　　It　was　not　rare　to　find　priests

belonging　to　the　highest　social　circles；　like　MM。　de　Trevillers；　of

Trevillers；　Balard　de　Bonnevaux　of　Bonétage；　de　Mesmay　of　Mesmay；　du

Bouvot；　at　Osselle；　cheerfully　burying　themselves　in　the　depths　of　the

country；　some　on　their　family　estates；　and；　not　content　to　share　their

income　with　their　poor　parishioners；　but　on　dying；　leaving　them　a

large　part　of　their　fortunes。



＇74＇　De　Tocqueville；　〃L'Ancien　Regime；〃　134；　137。



＇75＇　Terms　signifying　certain　minor　courts　of　law。



＇76＇　Albert　Babeau；　〃La　Ville　sous　l'Ancien　Régime；〃　p。　　26。　　…

（Advertisements　in　the　〃Journal　de　Troyes；〃　1784；　1789。）　〃For　sale；

the　place　of　councillor　in　the　Salt…department　at　Sézannes。　　Income

from　eight　to　nine　hundred　livres。　　Price　ten　thousand　livres。〃　…　〃A

person　desires　to　purchase　in　this　town　（Troyes）　an　office　in　the

Magistracy　or　Finances；　at　from　twenty…five　thousand　to　sixty　thousand

livres；　cash　paid　down　if　required。〃



＇77＇　De　Tocqueville；　〃L'Ancien　Régime；〃　p。356。　　The　municipal　body　of

Angers　comprised；　among　other　members；　two　deputies　of　the　présidial；

two　of　the　Forest　and　Streams　department；　two　of　the　Election；　two　of

the　Salt…department；　two　of　the　Customs；　two　of　the　Mint；　two　Council

judges。　　The　system　of　the　ancient　regime；　universally；　is　the

grouping　together　of　all　individuals　in　one　body　with　a　representative

of　all　these　bodies；　especially　those　of　the　notables。　　The　municipal

body　of　Angers；　consequently；　comprises　two　deputies　of　the　society　of

lawyers　and　procureurs；　two　of　the　notarial　body；　one　of　the

University；　one　of　the　Chapter；　a　Syndic　of　the　clerks；　etc。　　…　At

Troyes　（Albert　Babeau；〃　Histoire　de　Troyes　Pendant　la　Révolution；〃

p。23。）　Among　the　notables　of　the　municipality　may　be　found　one　member

of　the　clergy；　two　nobles；　one　officer　of　the　bailiwick；　one　officer

of　the　other　jurisdictions；　one　physician；　one　or　two　bourgeois；　one

lawyer；　one　notary　or　procureur；　four　merchants　and　two　members　of　the

trade　guild。



＇78＇　Albert　Babeau；　〃La　Ville；〃　p。26。　　（Cf。　　note　on　preceding　page。）

The　Collector's　Office　at　Reteil；　in　1746；　is　sold　at　one　hundred　and

fifty　thousand　livres；　it　brings　in　from　eleven　thousand　to　fourteen

thousand　livres。　　…　The　purchaser；　besides；　has　to　pay　to　the　State

the　〃right　of　the　golden　marc〃　（a　tax　on　the　transfer　of　property）；　in

1762；　this　right　amounted　to　nine　hundred　and　forty　livres　for　the

post　of　Councillor　to　the　bailiwick　of　Troyes。　　D'Esprémenil；

councillor　in　the　Paris　Parliament；　had　paid　fifty　thousand　livres　for

his　place；　besides　ten　thousand　livres　taxation　of　the　〃golden　marc。〃



＇79＇　Emile　Bos；　〃Les　Avocats　au　conseil　du　Roi；〃　p。340。　　Master

Peruot；　procureur；　was　seated　on　the　balcony　of　the　Theatre　Fran？ais

when　Count　Moreton　Chabrillant　arrives　and　wants　his　place。　　The

procureur　resists　and　the　count　calls　the　guard；　who　leads　him　off　to

prison。　　Master　Peruot　enters　a　complaint；　there　is　a　trial；

intervention　of　the　friends　of　M。　de　Chabrillant　before　the　garde　des

sceaux；　petitions　of　the　nobles　and　resistance　of　the　entire　guild　of

advocates　and　procureurs。　　M。　de　Chabrillant；　senior；　offers　Peruot

forty　thousand　livres　to　withdraw　his　suit；　which　Peruot　refuses　to

do。　　Finally；　the　Count　de　Chabrillant　is　condemned；　with　six　thousand

livres　damages；　（which　are　given　to　the　poor　and　to　prisoners）；　as

well　as　to　the　expense　of　printing　two　hundred　impressions　of　the

verdict。　　…　Duport　de　Cheverney；　〃　Mémoires；〃　（unpublished）；

communicated　by　M。　Robert　de　Crevecceur：　〃Formerly　a　man　paid　fifty

thousand　livres　for　an　office　with　only　three　hundred　livres　income；

the　consideration；　however；　he　enjoyed　through　it；　and　the　certainty

of　remaining　in　it　for　life；　compensated　him　for　the　sacrifice；　while

the　longer　he　kept　it；　the　greater　was　the　influence　of　himself　and

children。〃



＇80＇　Albert　Babeau；　〃　La　Ville；〃　p。　　27；　…　〃Histoire　de　Troyes；〃　p。

21。　　…　This　portrait　is　drawn　according　to　recollections　of　childhood

and　family　narrations。　　I　happen　to　have　known　the　details　of　two　or

three　small　provincial　towns；　one　of　about　six　thousand　inhabitants

where；　before　1800；　nearly　all　the　notables；　forty　families；　were

relations；　to…day　all　are　scattered。　　The　more　one　studies　documents；

the　more　does　Montesquieu's　definition　of　the　incentive　of　society

under　the　ancient　régime　seem　profound　and　just；　this　incentive

consisting　of　honor。　　In　the　bourgeoisie　who　were　confounded　with　the

nobility；　namely　the　Parliamentarians；　their　functions　were　nearly

gratuitous；　the　magistrate　received　his　pay　in　deference。　　（Moniteur；

V。；　520。　　Session　of　August　30；　1790；　speech　by　d'Espremenil。）　〃Here

is　what　it　cost　a　Councillor；　I　take　myself　as　an　example。　　He　paid

fifty　thousand　livres　for　his　place；　and　ten　thousand　more　for　the　tax

of　the　'marc　d'or。'　He　received　three　hundred　and　eighty…nine　livres

ten　sous　salary；　from　which　three　hundred　and　sixty…seven　livres

'capitation'　had　to　be　deducted。　　The　King　allowed　us　forty…five

livres　for　extra　service　of　'La　Tournelle'。　　How　about　the　fees？　is

asked。　　The　（grande　chambre）　superior　court；　asserted　to　have　received

the　largest　amount；　was　composed　of　one　hundred　and　eighty　members；

the　fees　amounted　to　two　hundred　and　fifty　thousand　livres；　which　were

not　a　bur