《the origins of contemporary france-4》

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1793。



'4' Buchez et Roux; XXXI。; 311。  Report by Saint…Just; Vent?se 8; year

II。; and decree in conformity therewith。



'5' Decree of 13 Brumaire; year II。  … Report by Cambon; Feb。  1;

1793。  Cambon estimates the property alone of the order of Malta and

of the colleges at four hundred million livres。



'6' Moniteur; XVIII。; 419 and 486。  Reports by Cambon; Brumaire 22 and

Frimaire 1st; year II。  〃Let us begin with taking possession of the

leased domains; notwithstanding preceding laws。〃



'7' Cf。  〃The Ancient Régime;〃 p。  14。



'8' Mallet…Dupan; 〃Mémoires;〃 II。; 19。  Moniteur; XVIII。; 565。

(Report by Cambon; 11 Frimaire; year II。) Requested to do so by a

popular club of Toulouse; the department of Haute…Garonne has ordered

all possessors of articles in gold or silver to bring them to the

treasuries of their districts to be exchanged for assignats。  This

order has thus far brought into the Toulouse treasury about one

million five hundred thousand or one million six hundred thousand

livres in gold and silver。  The same at Montauban and other places。

〃Several of our colleagues have even decreed the death penalty against

whoever did not bring their gold and silver within a given time。〃



'9' Archives Nationales; AF。  II。; 106。  (Order by representative

Beauchamp; l'Isle Jourdan; Pluviose 2; year II。) 〃All blue and green

cloaks in the departments of Haute…Garonne; as well as of the Landes;

Gers and others; are put in requisition from the present day。  Every

citizen possessing blue or green cloaks is required to declare them at

the depot of municipality or other locality where he may chance to

be。〃 If not; he is considered 〃suspect〃 is treated as such。  … Ibid。;

AF。II。; 92 (Order issued by Taillefer; Brumaire 3; year II。; at

Villefranche…l'Aveyron)。  … De Martel; 〃Etude sur Fouché;〃 368。

(Order by Fouché; Collot d'Herbois and Delaporte: Lyons; Brumaire 21;

year II。) … Moniteur; XVIII。; 384。  (Session of 19th Brumaire。  Letter

of Barras and Fréron; dated at Marseilles。) … Moniteur XVIII。; 513

(Orders by Lebon and Saint…Just; at Strasbourg; Brumaire 24 and 25;

year II。) Letter of Isoré to the minister Bouchotte; November 4; 1793。

(Legros; 〃La Revolution telle qu'elle est。〃) The principle of these

measures was laid down by Robespierre in his speech on property (April

24; 1793); and in his declaration of rights unanimously adopted by the

Jacobin Club (Buchez et Roux; XXVI。; 93 and 130)。



'10' Rousset; 〃Les Volontaires;〃 p。  234 and 254。



'11' Report by Cambon; Pluviose 3; year III。; p。3。  〃One fifth of the

active population is employed in the common defense。〃 … Decree of May

12; and Aug。  23; 1793。  … Decree of November 22; 1793。  … Order of

the Directory; October 18; 1798。



'12' Moniteur; XIX。; 631。  Decree of Vent?se 14; year II。  Archives

Nationales; D。SI。; 10。  (Orders by representatives Delacroix; Louchet

and Legendre; Pont…Audemer; Frimaire 14; year II。) … Moniteur; XVIII;

622。  … (Decree of Frimaire 18; year II。)



'13' Lenin must have read Taine's text during his long studious stay

in Paris。  He and Stalin did; in any case try to let the USSR function

in accordance with such central allocated planning。  (SR。)



'14' Decree of 15…18 Floréal; year II。  Decree of September 29; 1793;

(in which forty objects of prime necessity are enumerated。  … Article

9 decrees three days imprisonment against workmen and manufacturers

who 〃without legitimate reason; shall refuse to do their ordinary

task。〃 … Decrees of September 16 and 20; 1793; and that of September

11; articles 16;19; 20 and 21。



'15' Archives Nationales; AF。  II。; III。  Order of the representative

Ferry; Bourges; 23 Messidor; year II。  … Ibid。; AF。  II。; 106。  Order

of the representative Dartigoyte; Auch; Prairial 18; year II。



'16' Decree of Brumaire 11; year II。; article 7。



'17' Gouvion Saint Cyr; 〃Mémoires sur les campagnes de 1792 à la paix

de Campo…Formio;〃 I。; 91…109: 〃Promotion; which every one feared at

this time。〃 。  。  。  Ibid。  229。  〃Men who had any resources

obstinately held aloof from any kind of advancement。〃 Archives

Nationales; DS。  I; 5。  (Mission of representative Albert in L'Aube

and La Marne; and especially the order issued by Albert; Chalons;

Germinal 7; year III。; with the numerous petitions of judges and town

officers soliciting their removal。  … Letter of the painter Gosse

(published in Le Temps; May 31; 1872); which is very curious; showing

the trials of those in private life during the Revolution: 〃My father

was appointed charity commissioner and quartermaster for the troops;

at the time of the Reign of Terror it would have been imprudent to

have refused any office〃 … Archives Nationales; F7; 3485。  The case of

Girard Toussaint; notary at Paris; who 〃fell under the sword of the

law; Thermidor 9; year II。〃 This Girard; who was very liberal early in

the revolution; was president of his section in 1789; but; after the

10th of August; he had kept quiet。  The committee of the section of

the 〃Amis de la Patrie;〃 〃considering that citizen Girard 。  。  。  。

came forward only at the time when the court and Lafayette prevailed

against the sans…culottes;〃 that; 〃since equality was established by

the Revolution he has deprived his fellow citizens of his knowledge;

which; in a revolution; is criminal; unanimously agree that the said

citizen is 〃suspect〃 and order 〃him to be sent to the Luxembourg。〃



'18' Ludovic Sciout; 〃Histoire de la Constitution civile du clergé;〃

IV。; 131; 135。  (Orders issued by Dartigoyte and de Pinet)。  …

〃Recueil de pieces authentiques serrant à l'histoire de la révolution

à Strasbourg。〃 Vol。  I。  p。  230。  (Speech by Schneider at Barr; for

marrying the patriot Funck。) Schneider; it appears; did still better

on his own account。  (Ibid。; 317)。



'19' Buchez et Roux; XXIX。; 160。  (Report of Saint…Just; October 20;

1793。) 〃You have to punish not only traitors; but even the

indifferent; you must punish all in the Republic who are passive and

do nothing for it。〃



'20' Buchez et Roux; XXXII。; 338。  Report of the Convention on the

theory of democratic government; by Billaud…Varennes (April 20; 1794)。



'21' Buchez et Roux; XXXI。; 270。  Report by Robespierre; on the

principles which should guide the National Convention in the internal

administration of the Republic; February 5; 1794。… Cf。  〃The ancient

Régime;〃 227…230; the ideas of Rousseau; of which those of Robespierre

are simply a recast。



'22' Ibid。; 270。  … The pretension of reforming men's sentiments is

found in all the programs。  Ibid。; 305。  (Report of Saint…Just;

February 26; 1794。) 〃Our object is to create an order of things

establishing a universal inclination toward the good; and to have

factions immediately hurled upon the scaffold。〃 Ibid。; 337。  (Report

of Saint…Just; March 13; 1794。〃 … Ibid。; 337。  (Report of Saint…Just;

March 13; 1794。) 〃We see but one way of arresting the evil; and that

is to convert the revolution into a civil power and wage war on every

species of perversity; as designedly created amongst us for the

enervation of the republic。〃



'23' Ibid。; XXXV。; 276。  (Institutions; by Saint…Just。  … Ibid。; 287。)

… Moniteur; XVIII。; 343。  Meeting of the Jacobin Club; Brumaire 13;

year II。; speech by Baudot。



'24' Buchez et Roux; XXIX; 142。  (Speech by Jean Bon St。  André in the

Convention; Sep。  25; 1793。) 〃We are said to exercise arbitrary power;

we are charged with being despots。  We; despots! 。  。  。  Ah; no

doubt; if despotism is to secure the triumph of liberty; such a

despotism is political regeneration。〃 (Applause。) … Ibid; XXXI。; 276。

(Report by Robespierre; Pluviose 17; year; II。) 〃It has been said that

terror is the incentive of despotic government。  Does yours; then;

resemble despotism? Yes; as the sword which flashes in the hands of

the heroes of liberty; resembles that with which the satellites of

tyranny are armed。。。。。  The government of the Revolution is the

despotism of freedom against tyranny。〃



'25' Ibid。; XXXII; 353。  Decree of April 1791。  〃The Convention

declares; that; supported by the virtues of the French people; it will

insure the triumph of the democratic revolution and show no pity in

punishing its enemies。〃



'26' In the following portrayal of the ancient régime; the bombast and

credulity of the day overflows in the most extravagant exaggerations

(Buchez et Roux; XXXI。; 300; Report; by Saint…Just; February 26;

1794。): 〃In 1788; Louis XVI。  Caused eight thousand persons of both

sexes and of every age to be sacrificed in the rue Meslay and on the

Pont…Neuf。  These scenes were repeated by the court on the Champs de

Mars; the court had hangings in the prisons; and the bodies of the

drowned found in the Seine were its victims。  These were four hundred

thousand prisoners in confinement; fifteen thousand smugglers were

hung in a year; and three thousand men were broken on the wheel; there

were more prisoners in Paris than there are now 。  。  。  Look at

Europe。  There are four millions of people shut up in Europe whose

shrieks are never heard。〃 … Ibid。; XXIV。; 132。  (Speech by

Robespierre; May 10; 1793)。  〃Up to this time the art of governing has

simply consisted in the art of stripping and subduing the masses for

the benefit of the few; and legislation; the mode of reducing these

outrages to a system。〃



'27' Buchez et Roux; XXXII。; 353。  (Report by Robespierre to the

Convention; May 7; 1794。) 〃Nature tells us that man is born for

freedom while the experience of man for centuries shows him a slave。

His rights are written in his heart and history records his

humiliation。〃



'28' Ibid。; 372。  〃Priests are to morality what charlatans are to

medical practice。  How different is the God of nature from the God of

the priests! I know of nothing which is so much like atheism as the

religions they have manufactured。〃 Already; in the Constituent

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