the origins of contemporary france-4- 第24部分

religions　they　have　manufactured。〃　Already；　in　the　Constituent

Assembly；　Robespierre　wanted　to　prevent　the　father　from　endowing　a

child。　　〃You　have　done　nothing　for　liberty　if　yours　laws　do　not　tend

to　diminish　by　mild　and　effective　means　the　inequality　of　fortunes。〃

（Hamel；　I。；　403。）



＇29＇　Decree　of　Frimaire　18；　year　II。　　…　Note　the　restrictions：　〃The

convention；　in　the　foregoing　arrangement；　has　no　idea　of　derogating

from　any　law　or　precaution　for　public　safety　against　refractory　or

turbulent　priests；　or　against　those　who　might　attempt　to　abuse　the

pretext　of　religion　in　order　to　compromise　the　cause　of　liberty。　　Nor

does　it　mean　to　disapprove　of　what　has　thus　far　been　done　by　virtue　of

the　ordinances　of　representatives　of　the　people；　nor　to　furnish

anybody　with　a　pretext　for　unsettling　patriotism　and　relaxing　the

energy　of　public　spirit。〃



＇30＇　Decrees　of　May　27；　and　August　26；　1792；　March　18；　April　21　and

October　20；　1793；　April　11；　and　May　11；　1794。　　…　Add　（Moniteur；　XIX。；

697）　the　decree　providing　for　the　confiscation　of　the　possessions　of

ecclesiastics　〃who　have　voluntarily　left　or　been　so　reported；　who　are

retired　as　old　or　inform；　or　who　have　preferred　transportation　to

retirement。〃　…　Ibid。；　XVIII。；　492；　（session　of　Frimaire　2）。　　A　speech

by　Forester。　　〃As　to　the　priesthood；　its　continuation　has　become　a

disgrace　and　even　a　crime。〃　…　Archives　Nationales；　AF。　　II。；　36。　　（An

order　by　Lequinio；　representative　of　the　people　of　Charante…Inférieur；

la　Vendée　and　Deux…Sèvres；　Saintes；　Nivose　1；　year　II。）　〃In　order　that

freedom　of　worship　may　exist　in　full　plenitude　it　is　forbidden　to　all

whom　it　may　concern　to　preach　or　write　in　favor　of　any　form　of　worship

or　religious　opinion　whatsoever。〃　And　especially　〃it　is　expressly

forbidden　to　any　former　minister；　belonging　to　any　religious　sect

whatever；　to　preach；　write　or　teach　morality　under　penalty　of　being

regarded　as　a　suspect　and；　as　such；　immediately　put　under　arrest。　　。

。　　。　　Every　man　who　undertakes　to　preach　any　religious　precepts

whatsoever　is；　by　that　fact；　culpable　before　the　people。　　He　violates

。　　。　　。　　social　equality；　which　does　not　permit　the　individual　to

publicly　raise　his　ideal　pretensions　above　those　of　his　neighbor。〃



＇31＇　Ludofic　Sciout；　〃Histoire　de　la　Constitution　Civile　du　clergé；〃

vols。　　III。　　and　IV。；　passim。　　…　Jules　Sauzay；　〃Histoire　de　la

persécution　révolutionaire　dans　le　Doubs；〃　vols。　　III。；　IV。；　V。；　and

VI。；　particularly　the　list；　at　the　end　of　the　work；　of　those　deported；

guillotined；　sent　into　the　interior　and　imprisoned。



＇32＇　Order　of　the　day　of　the　Convention　September　17；　1792；　circular

of　the　Executive　Council；　January　22；　1793；　decrees　of　the　Convention；

July　19；　August　12；　September　17；　November　15；　1793。　　…　Moniteur；

October；　and　November；　1793；　passim。　　（November　23；　Order　of　the　Paris

Commune；　closing　the　churches。）　…　In　relation　to　the　terror　the

constitutional　priests　were　under；　I　merely　give　the　following

extracts　（Archives　Nationales；　F7；31167）：　〃Citizen　Pontard；　bishop　of

the　department　of　Dordogne；　lodging　in　the　house　of　citizen　Bourbon；

No。　　66　faubourg　Saint…Honoré；　on　being　informed　that　there　was　an

article　in　a　newspaper　called　〃le　Republican〃　stating　that　a　meeting

of　priests　had　been　held　in　the　said　house；　declares　that　he　had　no

knowledge　of　it；　that　all　the　officers　in　charge　of　the　apartments　are

in　harmony　with　the　Revolution；　that；　if　he　had　had　occasion　to

suspect　such　a　circumstance；　he　would　have　move　out　immediately；　and

that　if　any　motive　can　possibly　be　detected　in　such　a　report　it　is　his

proposed　marriage　with　the　niece　of　citizen　Caminade；　an　excellent

patriot　and　captain　of　the　9th　company　of　the　Champs…Elysées　section；

a　marriage　which　puts　an　end　to　fanaticism　in　his　department；　unless

this　be　done　by　the　ordination　of　a　priest　à　la　sans…culotte　which　he

had　done　yesterday　in　the　chapel；　another　act　in　harmony　with　the

Revolution。　　It　is　well　to　add；　perhaps；　that　one　of　his　curés　now　in

Paris　has　called　on　him；　and　that　he　came　to　request　him　to　second　his

marriage。　　The　name　of　the　said　curé　is　Greffier　Sauvage；　he　is　still

in　Paris；　and　is　preparing　to　be　married　the　same　time　as　himself。

Aside　from　these　motives；　which　may　have　given　rise　to　some　talk；

citizen　Pontard　sees　no　cause　whatever　for　suspicion。　　Besides；　so

thoroughly　patriotic　as　he；　he　asks　nothing　better　than　to　know　the

truth；　in　order　to　march　along　unhesitatingly　in　the　revolutionary

path。　　He　sighs　his　declaration；　promising　to　support　the　Revolution

on　all　occasions；　by　his　writings　as　well　as　by　his　conduct。　　He

presents　the　two　numbers　of　his　journal　which　he　has　had　printed　in

Paris　in　support　of　the　principles　he　adheres　to。　　At　Paris；　September

7；　1793；　year　II。　　Of　the　Republic；　one　and　indivisible。　　F。　　Pontard；

bishop　of　the　Republic　in　the　department　of　Dordogne。〃　…　Dauban　La

Demagogie　en　1793；　p。　　557。　　Arrest　of　representative　Osselin；　letter

his　brother；　curé　of　Saint…Aubin；　to　the　committee　of　section　Mutius

Sc？vola；　Brumaire　20；　year　II。；〃Like　Brutus　and　Mutius　Sc？vola；　I

trample　on　the　feelings　with　which　I　idolised　my　brother！　O；　truth；

thou　divinity　of　republicans；　thou　knowest　the　incorruptibility　of　may

intentions！〃　（and　so　on　for　fifty…three　lines）。　　〃These　are　my

sentiments；　I　am　fraternally；　Osselin；　minister　of　worship　at　Saint…

Aubin。〃　…　P。S。　　〃It　was　just　as　I　was　going　to　answer　a　call　of　nature

that　I　learned　this　afflicting　news。〃　（He　keeps　up　this　bombast　until

words　fail　him；　and　finally；　frightened　to　death；　and　his　brain

exhausted；　he　gives　this　postscript　to　show　that　he　was　not　an

accomplice。）



＇33＇　A　term　denoting　the　substitution　of　ten　instead　of　seven　days　as

a　division　of　time　in　the　calendar；　and　forced　into　use　during　the

Revolution。



＇34＇　〃Recuil　de　pieces　authentiques　servant　à　l'histoire　de　la

revolutionà　Strasbourg；〃　II。；　299。　　（A　district　order。）



＇35＇　Later；　when　Lenin　and　Stalin　resurrected　Jacobinism；　they　placed

the　headquarters　of　any　subversive　movement　outside　the　country　where

it　operated。　　（SR。）



＇36＇　Thermidor　refers　to　the　a　very　important　day　and　event　during　the

French　Revolution：　the　day　Robespierre　fell：　Thermidor　9；　year　II；

（July　27；　1794）；　Robespierre's　fall；　effective　the　10；　was　prepared　by

his　adversaries；　Tallien；　Barras；　Fouché　etc。；　essentially　because

they　feared　for　their　lives。　　Robespierre　and　21　of　his　followers　were

executed　on　the　evening　of　the　10th　of　Thermidor　year　II。　　（SR。）。



＇37＇　Ludovic　Sciout；　IV。；　426。　　（Instructions　sent　by　the　Directory　to

the　National　Commissions；　Frimaire；　year　II。）　…　Ibid。；　ch。　　X。　　to

XVIII。



＇38＇　Ibid。；　IV。；　688。An　order　of　the　Director；　Germinal　14；　year　VI。

…　〃The　municipal　governments　will　designate　special　days　in　each

decade　for　market　days　in　their　respective　districts；　and　not　allow；

in　any　case；　their　ordinance　to　be　set　aside　on　the　plea　that　the　said

market　days　would　fall　on　a　holiday。　　They　will　specially　strive　to

break　up　all　connection　between　the　sales　of　fish　and　days　of　fasting

designated　on　the　old　calendar。　　Every　person　exposing　food　or　wares

on　sale　in　the　markets　on　days　other　than　those　fixed　by　the　municipal

government　will　be　prosecuted　in　the　police　court　for　obstructing　a

public　thoroughfare。〃　…　The　Thermidorians　remain　equally　as　anti…

Catholic　as　their　predecessors；　only；　they　disavow　open　persecution

and　rely　on　slow　pressure。　　（Moniteur；　XIII。；　523。　　Speech　by　Boissy

d'Anglas；　Vent？se　3；　year　II。）　〃Keep　an　eye　on　what　you　cannot　hinder；

regulate　what　you　cannot　prohibit。　　。　　。　　。　　It　will　not　be　long

before　these　absurd　dogmas；　the　offspring　of　fear　and　error；　whose

influence　on　the　human　mind　has　been　so　steadily　destructive；　will　be

known　only　to　be　despised。　　。　　。　　。　　It　will　not　be　long　before　the

religion　of　Socrates；　of　Marcus　Aurelius　and　Cicero　will　be　the

religion　of　the　whole　world。〃



＇39＇　Moniteur；　XVI。；　646。　　（The　King's　trial。）　Speech　by　Robespierre：

〃the　right　of　punishing　the　tyrant　and　of　dethroning　him　is　one　and

the　same　thing。〃　…　Speech　by　Saint…Just：　〃Royalty　is　an　eternal　crime；

against　which　every　man　has　the　right　of　taking　up　arms　。　　。　　。　　To

reign　innocently　is　impossible！〃



＇40＇　Epigraph　of　Marat's　journal：　Ute　readapt　miseries；　abet　Fortuna

superb　is。



＇41＇　Buchez　et　Roux；　XXXII。；　323。　　（Report　of　Saint…Just；　Germinal　21；

year　II。；　and　a　decree　of　Germinal　26…29；　Art。　　4；　13；　15。）　…　Ibid。；

315。



＇42＇　Buchez　et　Roux；　（Report　of　Saint…Just；　October　10；　1793。）　〃That

would　be　the　only　good　they　could　do　their　country。　　。　　。　　。　　It　would

be　no　more　than　just　for　the　people　to　reign　over　its　oppressors　in

its　turn；　and　that　their　pride　should　be　bathed　in　the　sweat　of　their

brows。〃



＇43＇　Ibid。；　XXXI。；　309。　　（Report　of　Saint…Just；　Vent？se　8；　year　II。）



＇44＇　Ibid。；　XXVI。　　435。　　（Speech　by　Robespierre　on　the　constitution；

May　10；　1793。）　〃What　were　our　usages　and　pretended　laws　other　than　a

code　of　impertinence　and　baseness；　where　contempt　of　men　was　subject

to　a　sort　of　tariff；　and　graduated　according　to　regulations　as　odd　as

they　were　numerous？　To　despise　and　be　despised；　to　cringe　in　order　to

rule；　slaves　and　tyrants　in　turn；　now　kneeling　before　a　master；　now

trampling　the　people　under　foot　…　such　was　the　ambition　of　all　of　us；

so　long　as　we　were　men　of　birth　or　well　educated　men；　whether　common

folks　or　fashionable　folks；　lawyers　or　financiers；　pettifoggers　or

wearing　swords。〃　…　Archives　Nationales；　F7；　31167。　　（Report　of　the

observatory　Chaumont；　Niv？se　10；　year　II。）　…　〃Boolean's　effigy；　placed

in　the　college　of　Lisle；　has　been　lowered　to　the　statues　of　the

saints；　the　latter　being　taken　out　of　their　niches。　　There　is　now　no

kind　of　distinction。　　Saints　and　authors　are　of　the　same　class。〃



＇45＇　Buchez　et　Roux。；　296。　　（〃Institutions〃　by　Saint…Just。）　…　Meillan；

〃Mémoires；〃