procure¡¡me¡¡the¡¡other¡£¡¡¡¡There¡¡is£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡no¡¡arbitrary¡¡definition¡¡of
each¡¡one's¡¡particular¡¡interest£»¡¡this¡¡exists¡¡as¡¡a¡¡fact¡¡independently¡¡of
the¡¡legislator£»¡¡all¡¡that¡¡remains¡¡is¡¡to¡¡show¡¡what¡¡this¡¡interest¡¡is£»¡¡and
what¡¡each¡¡individual¡¡prefers¡£¡¡¡¡Preferences¡¡vary¡¡according¡¡to¡¡race£»
time£»¡¡place¡¡and¡¡circumstance¡£¡¡¡¡Among¡¡the¡¡possessions¡¡which¡¡are¡¡ever
desirable¡¡and¡¡the¡¡privation¡¡of¡¡which¡¡is¡¡ever¡¡dreaded£»¡¡there¡¡is¡¡one£»
however£»¡¡which£»¡¡directly¡¡desired£»¡¡and¡¡for¡¡itself£»¡¡becomes£»¡¡through¡¡the
progress¡¡of¡¡civilization£»¡¡more¡¡and¡¡more¡¡cherished£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡which¡¡the
privation¡¡becomes£»¡¡through¡¡the¡¡progress¡¡of¡¡civilization£»¡¡more¡¡and¡¡more
grievous¡£¡¡¡¡That¡¡is¡¡the¡¡disposition¡¡of¡¡one's¡¡self£»¡¡the¡¡full¡¡ownership
of¡¡one's¡¡body¡¡and¡¡property£»¡¡the¡¡faculty¡¡of¡¡thinking£»¡¡believing¡¡and
worshipping¡¡as¡¡one¡¡pleases£»¡¡of¡¡associating¡¡with¡¡others£»¡¡of¡¡acting
separately¡¡or¡¡along¡¡with¡¡others£»¡¡in¡¡all¡¡senses¡¡and¡¡without¡¡hindrance£»
in¡¡short£»¡¡one's¡¡liberty¡£¡¡¡¡That¡¡this¡¡liberty¡¡may¡¡as¡¡extensive¡¡as
possible¡¡is£»¡¡in¡¡all¡¡times£»¡¡one¡¡of¡¡man's¡¡great¡¡needs£»¡¡and£»¡¡in¡¡our¡¡days£»
it¡¡is¡¡his¡¡greatest¡¡need¡£¡¡¡¡There¡¡are¡¡two¡¡reasons¡¡for¡¡this£»¡¡one¡¡natural
and¡¡the¡¡other¡¡historical¡£¡¡¡¡¡
By¡¡nature¡¡Man¡¡is¡¡an¡¡individual£»¡¡that¡¡is¡¡to¡¡say¡¡a¡¡small¡¡distinct¡¡world
in¡¡himself£»¡¡a¡¡center¡¡apart¡¡in¡¡an¡¡enclosed¡¡circle£»¡¡a¡¡detached¡¡organism
complete¡¡in¡¡itself¡¡and¡¡which¡¡suffers¡¡when¡¡his¡¡spontaneous¡¡inclinations
are¡¡frustrated¡¡by¡¡the¡¡intervention¡¡of¡¡an¡¡outside¡¡force¡£
The¡¡passage¡¡of¡¡time¡¡has¡¡made¡¡him¡¡a¡¡complicated¡¡organism£»¡¡upon¡¡which
three¡¡or¡¡four¡¡religions£»¡¡five¡¡or¡¡six¡¡civilizations£»¡¡thirty¡¡centuries
of¡¡rich¡¡culture¡¡have¡¡left¡¡their¡¡imprint£»¡¡in¡¡which¡¡its¡¡acquisitions¡¡are
combined¡¡together£»¡¡wherein¡¡inherited¡¡qualities¡¡are¡¡crossbred£»¡¡wherein
special¡¡traits¡¡have¡¡accumulated¡¡in¡¡such¡¡a¡¡way¡¡as¡¡to¡¡produce¡¡the¡¡most
original¡¡and¡¡the¡¡most¡¡sensitive¡¡of¡¡beings¡£¡¡¡¡As¡¡civilization¡¡increases£»
so¡¡does¡¡his¡¡complexity£º¡¡with¡¡the¡¡result¡¡that¡¡man's¡¡originality
strengthens¡¡and¡¡his¡¡sensitivity¡¡become¡¡keener£»¡¡from¡¡which¡¡it¡¡follows
that¡¡the¡¡more¡¡civilized¡¡he¡¡becomes£»¡¡the¡¡greater¡¡his¡¡repugnance¡¡to
constraint¡¡and¡¡uniformity¡£
¡¡At¡¡the¡¡present¡¡day£»¡¡£¨1880£©£»¡¡each¡¡of¡¡us¡¡is¡¡the¡¡terminal¡¡and¡¡peculiar
product¡¡of¡¡a¡¡vast¡¡elaboration¡¡of¡¡which¡¡the¡¡diverse¡¡stages¡¡occur¡¡in
this¡¡order¡¡but¡¡once£»¡¡a¡¡plant¡¡unique¡¡of¡¡its¡¡species£»¡¡a¡¡solitary
individual¡¡of¡¡superior¡¡and¡¡finer¡¡essence¡¡which£»¡¡with¡¡its¡¡own¡¡inward
structure¡¡and¡¡its¡¡own¡¡inalienable¡¡type£»¡¡can¡¡bear¡¡no¡¡other¡¡than¡¡its¡¡own
characteristic¡¡fruit¡£¡¡¡¡Nothing¡¡could¡¡be¡¡more¡¡adverse¡¡to¡¡the¡¡interest
of¡¡the¡¡oak¡¡than¡¡to¡¡be¡¡tortured¡¡into¡¡bearing¡¡the¡¡apples¡¡of¡¡the¡¡apple
tree£»¡¡nothing¡¡could¡¡be¡¡more¡¡adverse¡¡to¡¡the¡¡interests¡¡of¡¡the¡¡apple¡¡tree
than¡¡to¡¡be¡¡tortured¡¡into¡¡bearing¡¡acorns£»¡¡nothing¡¡could¡¡be¡¡more¡¡opposed
to¡¡the¡¡interests¡¡of¡¡both¡¡oak¡¡and¡¡apple¡¡tree£»¡¡also¡¡of¡¡other¡¡trees£»¡¡than
to¡¡be¡¡pruned£»¡¡shaped¡¡and¡¡twisted¡¡so¡¡as¡¡all¡¡to¡¡grow¡¡after¡¡a¡¡forced
model£»¡¡delineated¡¡on¡¡paper¡¡according¡¡to¡¡the¡¡rigid¡¡and¡¡limited
imagination¡¡of¡¡a¡¡surveyor¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡least¡¡possible¡¡constraint¡¡is£»
therefore£»¡¡everybody's¡¡chief¡¡interest£»¡¡if¡¡one¡¡particular¡¡restrictive
agency¡¡is¡¡established£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡that¡¡every¡¡one¡¡may¡¡be¡¡preserved¡¡by¡¡if
from¡¡other¡¡more¡¡powerful¡¡constraints£»¡¡especially¡¡those¡¡which¡¡the
foreigner¡¡and¡¡evil¡doer¡¡would¡¡impose¡£¡¡¡¡Up¡¡to¡¡that¡¡point£»¡¡and¡¡not
further£»¡¡its¡¡intervention¡¡is¡¡beneficial£»¡¡beyond¡¡that¡¡point£»¡¡it¡¡becomes
one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡evils¡¡it¡¡is¡¡intended¡¡to¡¡forestall¡£¡¡¡¡Such¡¡then£»¡¡if¡¡the
common¡¡weal¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡looked¡¡after£»¡¡the¡¡sole¡¡office¡¡of¡¡the¡¡State¡¡is£»
1¡£¡¡¡¡to¡¡prevent¡¡constraint¡¡and£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡never¡¡to¡¡use¡¡it¡¡except¡¡to
prevent¡¡worse¡¡constraints£»
2¡£¡¡¡¡to¡¡secure¡¡respect¡¡for¡¡each¡¡individual¡¡in¡¡his¡¡own¡¡physical¡¡and
moral¡¡domain£»¡¡never¡¡to¡¡encroach¡¡on¡¡this¡¡except¡¡for¡¡that¡¡purpose¡¡and
then¡¡to¡¡withdraw¡¡immediately£»
3¡£¡¡¡¡to¡¡abstain¡¡from¡¡all¡¡indiscreet¡¡meddling£»¡¡and¡¡yet¡¡more£»¡¡as¡¡far¡¡as
is¡¡practicable£»¡¡without¡¡any¡¡sacrifice¡¡of¡¡public¡¡security£»
4¡£¡¡¡¡to¡¡reduce¡¡old¡¡assessments£»¡¡to¡¡exact¡¡only¡¡a¡¡minimum¡¡of¡¡subsidies
and¡¡services£»
5¡£¡¡¡¡to¡¡gradually¡¡limit¡¡even¡¡useful¡¡action£»
6¡£¡¡¡¡to¡¡set¡¡itself¡¡as¡¡few¡¡tasks¡¡as¡¡possible£»
7¡£¡¡¡¡to¡¡let¡¡each¡¡one¡¡have¡¡all¡¡the¡¡room¡¡possible¡¡and¡¡the¡¡maximum¡¡of
initiative£»
8¡£¡¡¡¡to¡¡slowly¡¡abandon¡¡monopolies£»
9¡£¡¡¡¡to¡¡refrain¡¡from¡¡competition¡¡with¡¡private¡¡parties£»
10¡£¡¡¡¡to¡¡rid¡¡itself¡¡of¡¡functions¡¡which¡¡these¡¡private¡¡parties¡¡can
fulfill¡¡equally¡¡well¡¡¡
and¡¡we¡¡see¡¡that¡¡the¡¡limits¡¡assigned¡¡to¡¡the¡¡State¡¡by¡¡the¡¡public
interest¡¡£¨l'int¨¦r¨ºt¡¡commun£©¡¡correspond¡¡to¡¡those¡¡stipulated¡¡by¡¡duty¡¡and
justice¡£
VI¡£
Indirect¡¡common¡¡interest¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡This¡¡consists¡¡in¡¡the¡¡most¡¡economical¡¡and
most¡¡productive¡¡employment¡¡of¡¡spontaneous¡¡forces¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Difference
between¡¡voluntary¡¡labor¡¡and¡¡forced¡¡labor¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Sources¡¡of¡¡man's
spontaneous¡¡action¡£¡¡¡¡Conditions¡¡of¡¡their¡¡energy£»¡¡work¡¡and¡¡products¡£¡¡¡¡¡
Motives¡¡for¡¡leaving¡¡them¡¡under¡¡personal¡¡control¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Extent¡¡of¡¡the
private¡¡domain¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Individuals¡¡might¡¡voluntarily¡¡extend¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡What¡¡is
left¡¡becomes¡¡the¡¡domain¡¡of¡¡the¡¡State¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Obligatory¡¡functions¡¡of¡¡the
State¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Optional¡¡functions¡¡of¡¡the¡¡State¡£
Let¡¡us¡¡now¡¡take¡¡into¡¡consideration£»¡¡no¡¡longer¡¡the¡¡direct£»¡¡but¡¡the
indirect¡¡interest¡¡of¡¡all¡£¡¡¡¡Instead¡¡of¡¡considering¡¡individuals¡¡let¡¡us
concern¡¡ourselves¡¡with¡¡their¡¡works¡£¡¡¡¡Let¡¡us¡¡regard¡¡human¡¡society¡¡as¡¡a
material¡¡and¡¡spiritual¡¡workshop£»¡¡whose¡¡perfection¡¡consists¡¡in¡¡making
it¡¡as¡¡productive£»¡¡economical£»¡¡and¡¡as¡¡well¡¡furnished¡¡and¡¡managed¡¡as
possible¡¡¡£¡¡¡¡Even¡¡with¡¡this¡¡secondary¡¡and¡¡subordinate¡¡aim£»¡¡the¡¡domain
of¡¡the¡¡State¡¡is¡¡scarcely¡¡to¡¡be¡¡less¡¡restricted£º¡¡very¡¡few¡¡new¡¡functions
are¡¡to¡¡be¡¡attributed¡¡to¡¡it£»¡¡nearly¡¡all¡¡the¡¡rest¡¡will¡¡be¡¡better
fulfilled¡¡by¡¡independent¡¡persons£»¡¡or¡¡by¡¡natural¡¡or¡¡voluntary
associations¡£¡¡¡¡¡
Let¡¡us¡¡consider¡¡the¡¡man¡¡who¡¡works¡¡for¡¡his¡¡own¡¡benefit£»¡¡the¡¡farmer£»¡¡the
manufacturer£»¡¡the¡¡merchant£»¡¡and¡¡observe¡¡how¡¡attentive¡¡he¡¡is¡¡to¡¡his
business¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡is¡¡because¡¡his¡¡interest¡¡and¡¡pride¡¡are¡¡involved¡£¡¡¡¡One
side¡¡his¡¡welfare¡¡and¡¡that¡¡of¡¡those¡¡around¡¡him¡¡is¡¡at¡¡stake£»¡¡his
capital£»¡¡his¡¡reputation£»¡¡his¡¡social¡¡position¡¡and¡¡advancement£»¡¡on¡¡the
other¡¡side£»¡¡are¡¡poverty£»¡¡ruin£»¡¡social¡¡degradation£»¡¡dependence£»
bankruptcy¡¡and¡¡the¡¡alms¡house¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡the¡¡presence¡¡of¡¡this¡¡alternative¡¡he
keeps¡¡close¡¡watch¡¡and¡¡becomes¡¡industrious£»¡¡he¡¡thinks¡¡of¡¡his¡¡business
even¡¡when¡¡abed¡¡or¡¡at¡¡his¡¡meals£»¡¡he¡¡studies¡¡it£»¡¡not¡¡from¡¡a¡¡distance£»
speculatively£»¡¡in¡¡a¡¡general¡¡way£»¡¡but¡¡on¡¡the¡¡spot£»¡¡practically£»¡¡in
detail£»¡¡in¡¡all¡¡its¡¡bearings¡¡and¡¡relationships£»¡¡constantly¡¡calculating
difficulties¡¡and¡¡resources£»¡¡with¡¡such¡¡sharp¡¡insight¡¡and¡¡special
information¡¡that¡¡for¡¡any¡¡other¡¡person¡¡to¡¡try¡¡to¡¡solve¡¡the¡¡daily
problem¡¡which¡¡he¡¡solves£»¡¡would¡¡be¡¡impossible£»¡¡because¡¡nobody¡¡could
possess¡¡or¡¡estimate¡¡as¡¡he¡¡can¡¡the¡¡precise¡¡elements¡¡which¡¡constitute
it¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Compare¡¡with¡¡this¡¡unique¡¡devotion¡¡and¡¡these¡¡peculiar
qualifications¡¡the¡¡ordinary¡¡capacity¡¡and¡¡listless¡¡regularity¡¡of¡¡a
senior¡¡public¡¡official£»¡¡even¡¡when¡¡expert¡¡and¡¡honest¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡is¡¡sure¡¡of
his¡¡salary£»¡¡provided¡¡he¡¡does¡¡his¡¡duty¡¡tolerably¡¡well£»¡¡and¡¡this¡¡he¡¡does
when¡¡he¡¡is¡¡occupied¡¡during¡¡official¡¡hours¡£¡¡¡¡Let¡¡his¡¡papers¡¡be¡¡correct£»
in¡¡conformity¡¡with¡¡regulations¡¡and¡¡custom£»¡¡and¡¡nothing¡¡more¡¡is¡¡asked
of¡¡him£»¡¡he¡¡need¡¡not¡¡tax¡¡his¡¡brain¡¡beyond¡¡that¡£¡¡¡¡If¡¡he¡¡conceives¡¡any
economical¡¡measure£»¡¡or¡¡any¡¡improvement¡¡of¡¡his¡¡branch¡¡of¡¡the¡¡service£»
not¡¡he£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡public£»¡¡an¡¡anonymous¡¡and¡¡vague¡¡impersonality£»¡¡reaps
all¡¡the¡¡benefit¡¡of¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡Moreover£»¡¡why¡¡should¡¡he¡¡care¡¡about¡¡it£»¡¡since
his¡¡project¡¡or¡¡reform¡¡might¡¡end¡¡up¡¡in¡¡the¡¡archives¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡machine¡¡is
too¡¡vast¡¡and¡¡complicated£»¡¡too¡¡unwieldy£»¡¡too¡¡clumsy£»¡¡with¡¡its¡¡rusty
wheels£»¡¡its¡¡¡¨¡¡old¡¡customs¡¡and¡¡acquired¡¡rights£»¡¨¡¡to¡¡be¡¡renewed¡¡and
rebuilt¡¡as¡¡one¡¡might¡¡a¡¡farm£»¡¡a¡¡warehouse¡¡or¡¡a¡¡foundry¡£¡¡¡¡Accordingly£»
he¡¡has¡¡no¡¡idea¡¡of¡¡troubling¡¡himself¡¡further¡¡in¡¡the¡¡matter£»¡¡on¡¡leaving
his¡¡office¡¡he¡¡dismisses¡¡it¡¡from¡¡his¡¡mind£»¡¡he¡¡lets¡¡things¡¡go¡¡on
automatically£»¡¡just¡¡as¡¡it¡¡happens£»¡¡in¡¡a¡¡costly¡¡way¡¡and¡¡with
indifferent¡¡results¡£¡¡¡¡Even¡¡in¡¡a¡¡country¡¡of¡¡as¡¡much¡¡probity¡¡as¡¡France£»
it¡¡is¡¡calculated¡¡that¡¡every¡¡enterprise¡¡managed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡State¡¡costs¡¡one
quarter¡¡more£»¡¡and¡¡brings¡¡in¡¡one¡¡quarter¡¡less£»¡¡than¡¡when¡¡entrusted¡¡to
private¡¡hands¡£¡¡¡¡Consequently¡¡if¡¡work¡¡were¡¡withheld¡¡from¡¡individuals¡¡in
order¡¡that¡¡the¡¡State¡¡might¡¡undertake¡¡it¡¡the¡¡community£»¡¡when¡¡the
accounts¡¡came¡¡to¡¡be¡¡balanced£»¡¡would¡¡suffer¡¡a¡¡loss¡¡of¡¡one¡half¡££§16£§
Now£»¡¡this¡¡is¡¡true¡¡of¡¡all¡¡work£»¡¡whether¡¡spiritual¡¡or¡¡material¡¡not¡¡only
of¡¡agricultural£»¡¡industrial¡¡and¡¡commercial¡¡products£»¡¡but£»¡¡again£»¡¡of
works¡¡of¡¡science¡¡and¡¡of¡¡art£»¡¡of¡¡literature¡¡and¡¡philosophy£»¡¡of¡¡charity£»
of¡¡education¡¡and¡¡propaganda¡£¡¡¡¡Not¡¡only¡¡when¡¡driven¡¡by¡¡egoism£»¡¡such¡¡as
personal¡¡interest¡¡and¡¡vulgar¡¡vanity£»¡¡but¡¡also¡¡when¡¡a¡¡disinterested
sentiment¡¡is¡¡involved£»¡¡such¡¡the¡¡discovery¡¡of¡¡truth£»¡¡the¡¡creation¡¡of
beauty£»¡¡the¡¡propagation¡¡of¡¡a¡¡faith£»¡¡the¡¡diffusion¡¡of¡¡convictions£»
religious¡¡enthusiasm¡¡or¡¡natural¡¡generosity£»¡¡love¡¡in¡¡a¡¡broad¡¡or¡¡a
narrow¡¡sense£»¡¡spanning¡¡from¡¡one¡¡who¡¡embraces¡¡all¡¡humanity¡¡to¡¡one¡¡who
devotes¡¡himself¡¡wholly¡¡to¡¡his¡¡friends¡¡and¡¡kindred¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡effect¡¡is¡¡the
same¡¡in¡¡both¡¡cases£»¡¡because¡¡the¡¡cause¡¡is¡¡the¡¡same¡£¡¡¡¡Always£»¡¡in¡¡the
shop¡¡directed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡free¡¡workman£»¡¡the¡¡motivating¡¡force¡¡is¡¡enormous£»
almost¡¡infinite£»¡¡because¡¡it¡¡is¡¡a¡¡living¡¡spring¡¡which¡¡flows¡¡at¡¡all
hours¡¡and¡¡is¡¡inexhaustible¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡mother¡¡thinks¡¡constantly¡¡of¡¡her
child£»¡¡the¡¡savant¡¡of¡¡his¡¡science£»¡¡the¡¡artist¡¡of¡¡his¡¡art£»¡¡the¡¡inventor
of¡¡his¡¡inventions£»¡¡the¡¡philanthropist¡¡of¡¡his¡¡endowments£»¡¡Faraday¡¡of
electricity£»¡¡Stephenson¡¡of¡¡his¡¡locomotive£»¡¡Pasteur¡¡of¡¡his¡¡microbes£»¡¡De
Lesseps¡¡of¡¡his¡¡isthmus£»¡¡sisters¡¡of¡¡charity¡¡of¡¡their¡¡poor¡£¡¡¡¡Through
this¡¡peculiar¡¡concentration¡¡of¡¡thought£»¡¡man¡¡derives¡¡every¡¡possible
advantage¡¡from¡¡human¡¡faculties¡¡and¡¡surroundings£»¡¡he¡¡himself¡¡gets¡¡to¡¡be
a¡¡more¡¡and¡¡more¡¡perfect¡¡instrument£»¡¡and£»¡¡moreover£»¡¡he¡¡fashions¡¡others£º
with¡¡this¡¡he¡¡daily¡¡reduces¡¡the¡¡friction¡¡of¡¡the¡¡powerful¡¡machine¡¡which
he¡¡controls¡¡and¡¡of¡¡which¡¡he¡¡is¡¡the¡¡main¡¡wheel£»¡¡he¡¡increases¡¡its¡¡yield
£»¡¡he¡¡economizes£»¡¡maintains£»¡¡repairs¡¡and¡¡improves¡¡it¡¡with¡¡a¡¡capability
and¡¡success¡¡that¡¡nobody¡¡questions£»¡¡in¡¡short£»¡¡he¡¡fabricates¡¡in¡¡a
superior¡¡way¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡this¡¡living¡¡source£»¡¡to¡¡which¡¡the¡¡superiority¡¡of
the¡¡works¡¡is¡¡d
СÌáʾ£º°´ »Ø³µ [Enter] ¼ü ·µ»ØÊéÄ¿£¬°´ ¡û ¼ü ·µ»ØÉÏÒ»Ò³£¬ °´ ¡ú ¼ü ½øÈëÏÂÒ»Ò³¡£
ÔÞÒ»ÏÂ
Ìí¼ÓÊéÇ©¼ÓÈëÊé¼Ü