《the origins of contemporary france-4》

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conformity therewith; Prairial 22; year II。) 〃The revolutionary

tribunal is organised for the punishment of the people's enemies 。  。

。  。  The penalty for all offences within its jurisdiction is death。

Those are held to be enemies of the people who shall have misled the

people; or the representatives of the people; into measures opposed to

the interests of liberty; those who shall have sought to create

discouragement by favoring the undertakings of tyrants leagued against

the Republic; those who shall have spread false reports to divide or

disturb the people; those who shall have sought to misdirect opinion

and impede popular instruction; produce depravity and corrupt the

public conscience; diminish the energy and purity of revolutionary and

republican principles; or stay their progress    Those who; charged

with public functions; abuse them to serve the enemies of the

Revolution; vex patriots; oppress the people; etc。〃



'138' Buchez et Roux; XXXV。; 290。  (〃 Institutions;〃 by Saint…Just。)

〃The Revolution is chilled。  Principles have lost their vigor。

Nothing remains but red…caps worn by intrigue。〃 … Report by Courtois;

〃Pièces justificatives〃 No。20。  (Letter of Pays and Rompillon;

president and secretary of the committee of Surveillance of Saint…

Calais; to Robespierre; Niv?se 15; year II。) 〃The Mountain here is

composed of only a dozen or fifteen men on whom you can rely as on

yourself; the rest are either deceived; seduced; corrupted or enticed

away。  Public opinion is debauched by the gold and intrigues of honest

folks。〃



'139' Report by Courtois; N。  43。  … Cf。  Hamel; III。; 43; 71。  … (The

following important document is on file in the Archives Nationales; F

7; 4446; and consists of two notes written by Robespierre in June and

July; 1793): 〃Who are our enemies? The vicious and the rich。  。  。  。

How may the civil war be stopped? Punish traitors and conspirators;

especially guilty deputies and administrators 。  。  。  。  make

terrible examples 。  。  。  。  proscribe perfidious writers and anti…

revolutionaries 。  。  。  。  Internal danger comes from the bourgeois;

to overcome the bourgeois; rally the people。  The present insurrection

must be kept up 。  。  。  。  The insurrection should gradually continue

to spread out 。  。  。  The sans…culottes should be paid and remain in

the towns。  They ought to be armed; worked up; taught。〃



'140' The committee of Public Safety; and Robespierre especially; knew

of and commanded the drownings of Nantes; as well as the principal

massacres by Carrier; Turreau; etc。  (De Martel; 〃Etude sur Fouché;〃

257…265。) … Ibid。; (〃Types revolutionnaires;〃 41…49。) … Buchez et

Roux; XXXIII。; 101 (May 26; 1794。) Report by Barère and decree of the

convention ordering that 〃No English prisoners should be taken。〃

Robespierre afterwards speaks in the same sense。  Ibid。; 458。  After

the capture of Newport; where they took five thousand English

prisoners; the French soldiers were unwilling to execute the

convention's decree; on which Robespierre (speech of Thermidor 8)

said: 〃I warn you that your decree against the English has constantly

been violated; England; so ill…treated in our speeches; is spared by

our arms。〃



'141' On the Girondists; Cf。  〃The Revolution;〃 II。; 216。



'142' Buchez et Roux; XXX。; 157。  Sketch of a speech on the Fabre

d'Eglantine factim。  … Ibid。; 336; Speech at the Jacobin Club against

Clootz。  … XXXII。; abstract of a report on the Chabot affair; 18。…

Ibid。; 69; Speech on maintaining Danton's arrest。



'143' Ibid。; XXX。; 378。  (Dec。10; 1793。) With respect to the women who

crowd the Convention in order to secure the liberty of their husbands:

〃Should the repubican women forget their virtues as citizens whenever

they remembering that they are wives?〃



'144' Hamel; III。; 196。  … Michelet; V。; 394; abstract of the judicial

debates on the disposition of the Girondists: 〃The minutes of this

decree are found in Robespierre's handwriting。〃



'145' De Martel; 〃Types revolutionnaires;〃 44。  The instructions sent

to the Revolutionary Tribunal at Orange are in Robespierre's

handwriting。  … (Archives Nationales; F7 4439。)



'146' Merlin de Thionville。



'147' Buchez et Roux; XXXII。; 71。  (On Danton。) 〃Before the day is

over we shall see whether the convention will shatter an idol a long

time rotten。  。  。  。  In what respect is Danton superior to his

fellow…citizens? 。  。  。  。  I say that the man who now hesitates is

guilty。  。  。  。  。  The debate; just begun; is a danger to the

country。〃 … Also the speech in full; against Clootz。



'148' Ibid。; XXX。; 338。  〃Alas; suffering patriots; what can we do;

surrounded by enemies fighting in our own ranks! 。  。  。  Let us

watch; for the fall of our country is not far off;〃 etc。  … These

cantatas; with the accompaniments of the celestial harp; are terrible

if we consider the circumstances。  For instance; on the 3rd of

September; 1792; in the electoral assembly while the massacres are

going on: 〃M。 Robespierre climbs up on the tribune and declares that

he will calmly face the steel of the enemies of public good; and carry

with him to his grave the satisfaction of having served his country;

the certainty of France having preserved its liberty〃。  … (Archives

Nationales; C。  II。; 58…76。)



'149' Buchez et Roux; XXXII。; 360; 371。  (Speech of May 7; 1794。)

〃Danton1 the most dangerous; if he had not been the most cowardly; of

the enemies of his country 。  。  。  。  Danton; the coldest; the most

indifferent; during his country's greatest peril。〃



'150' Ibid。; XXXIV。;  Cf。  the description of him by Fievée; who saw

him in the tribune at the Jacobin Club。



'151' Merlin de Thionville 〃A vague; painful anxiety; due to his

temperament; was the sole source of his activity。〃



'152' Barère; 〃 Mémoires。〃 〃He wanted to rule France influentially

rather than directly。〃 … Buchez et Roux; XIV。; 188。  (Article by

Marat。) During the early sessions of the Legislative Assembly; Marat

saw Robespierre on one occasion; and explained to him his plans for

exciting popular outbreaks; and for his purifying massacres。

〃Robespierre listened to me with dismay; turned pale and kept silent

for some moments。  This interview confirmed me in the idea I always

had of him; that he combined the enlightenment of a wise senator with

the uprightness of a genuine good man and the zeal of a true patriot;

but that he equally lacked the views and boldness of a statesman。〃 …

Thibaudeau; 〃Mémoires;〃 58。  … He was the only member of the committee

of Public Safety who did not join the department missions。



'153' Someone is 〃grandisonian〃 when he is like the novelist

Richardson's hero; Sir Walter Grandison; beneficient; polite and

chivalrous。  (SR)。



'154' Buchez et Roux XX。; 198。  (Speech of Robespierre in the

Convention; November 5; 1792。)



'155' All these statements by Robespierre are opposed to the truth。  …

(〃Procés…verbaux des Séances de la Commune de Paris。〃) Sep。  1; 1792;

Robespierre speaks twice at the evening session。  … The testimony of

two persons; both agreeing; indicate; moreover; that he spoke at the

morning session; the names of the speakers not being given。  〃The

question;〃 says Pétion (Buchez et Roux; XXI。; 103); 〃was the decree

opening the barriers。〃 This decree is under discussion at the Commune

at the morning session of September 1: 〃Robespierre; on this question;

spoke in the most animated manner; wandering off in sombre flights of

imagination; he saw precipices at his feet and plots of liberticides;

he designated the pretended conspirators。〃… Louvet (ibid。; 130);

assigns the same date; (except that he takes the evening for the

morning session); for Robespierre's first denunciation of the

Girondists: 〃Nobody; then;〃 says Robespierre; 〃dare name the traitors?

Very well; I denounce them。  I denounce them for the security of the

people。  I denounce the liberticide Brissot; the Girondist faction;

the villainous committee of twenty…one in the National Assembly。  I

denounce them for having sold France to Brunswick and for having

received pay in advance for their baseness。〃 … Sep。  2; (〃Procès

verbaux de la Commune;〃 evening session); 〃MM。 Billaud…Varennes and

Robespierre; in developing their civic sentiments; 。  。  denounce to

the Conseil…Général the conspirators in favor of the Duke of

Brunswick; whom a powerful party want to put on the throne of France。〃

… September 3; at 6 o'clock in the morning; (Buchez et Roux; 16; 132;

letter of Louvet); commissioners of the Commune present themselves at

Brissot's house with an order to inspect his papers; one of them says

to Brissot that he has eight similar orders against the Gironde

deputies and that he is to begin with Guadet。  (Letter of Brissot

complaining of this visit; Monitur; Sep。  7; 1792。) This same day;

Sep。  31 Robespierre presides at the Commune。  (Granier de Cassagnac;

〃Les Girondins〃 II。; 63。) It is here that a deputation of the

Mauconseil section comes to find him; and he is charged by the

〃Conseil〃 with a commission at the Temple。  … Sept。  4 (Buchez et

Roux; XXI。; 106; Speech of Petion); the Commune issues a warrant of

arrest against Roland; Danton comes to the Mayoralty with Robespierre

and has the warrant revoked; Robespierre ends by telling Petion: 〃 I

believe that Brissot belongs to Brunswick。〃 … Ibid。; 506。

〃Robespierre (before Sept。  2); took the lead in the Conseil〃… Ibid。;

107。  〃 Robespierre;〃 I said; 〃you are making a good deal of mischief。

Your denunciations; your fears; hatreds and suspicions; excite the

people。〃



'156' Garat; 86。…Cf。  Hamel; I。; 264。  (Speech; June 9; 1791。)



'157' 〃The Revolution;〃 II。; 338; 339。  (Speech。  Aug。  3; 1792。)



'158' Buchez et Roux; XXXIII。; 420。  (Speech; Thermidor 8。)



'159' Ibid。; XXXII。; 71。  (Speech against Danton。) 〃What have you done

that you have not done freely?〃



'160' Ibid。; X
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