《the origins of contemporary france-4》

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government; November 18; 1793 and on the theory of democratic

government; April 20; 1794。  … Reports by Robespierre on the political

situation of the Republic; November 17; 1793; and on the principles of

revolutionary government; December 5; 1793。  … Information on the

genius of revolutionary laws; signed principally by Robespierre and

Billaud; November 29; 1793。  … Reports by Robespierre on the

principles of political morality which ought to govern the Convention;

February 5; 1794; and on the relationship between religious and moral

ideas and republican principles; May 7; 1794。



'46' Billaud no longer goes on mission after he becomes one of the

Committee of Public Safety。  Robespierre never went。  Barère; who is

of daily service; is likewise retained at Paris。  … All the others

serve on the missions and several repeatedly; and for a long time。



'47' Moniteur; XXIV。; 60。  The words of Carnot; session of Germinal 2;

year III。… Ibid。; XXII。; 138; words of Collot; session of Vendémiaire

12; year III。  〃Billaud and myself have sent into the departments

three hundred thousand written documents; and have made at least ten

thousand minutes (of meetings) with our own hand。〃



'48' Dussault 〃Fragment pour servir à l'histoire de la Convention。〃



'49' Thibaudeau; I。; 49。



'50' Arnault; 〃Souvenirs d'un Sexagenaire;〃 II。; 78。



'51' 〃Mémoires d'un Bourgeois de Paris;〃 by Veron; II。; 14。  (July 7;

1815。)



'52' Cf。  Thibaudeau; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。; 46。  〃It seemed; then; that to

escape imprisonment; or the scaffold; there was no other way than to

put others in your place。〃



'53' Carnot; 〃Mémoires。〃 I。; 508。



'54' Carnot; I。; 527。  (Words of Prieur de la C?te d'Or。)



'55' Carnot; ibid。; 527。  (The words of Prieur。)



'56' 〃La Nouvelle Minerve;〃 I。; 355; (Notes by Billaud…Varennes;

indited at St。  Domingo and copied by Dr。  Chervin。) 〃We came to a

decision only after being wearied out by the nightly meetings of our

Committee。〃



'57' Decree of September 17; 1793; on 〃Suspects。〃 Ordinance of the

Paris Commune; October 10; 1793; extending it so as to include 〃those

who; having done nothing against the Revolution; do nothing for it。〃 …

Cf。  〃Papers seized in Robespierre's apartments;〃 II。; 370; letter of

Payan。  〃Every man who has not been for the Revolution has been

against it; for he has done nothing for the country。  。  。  。  In

popular commissions; individual humanity; the moderation which assumes

the veil of justice; is criminal。〃



'58' Mortimer…Ternaux; VIII。; 394; and following pages; 414 and

following pages; (on the successive members of the two Committees)。



'59' Wallon; 〃Histoire du Tribunal Révolutionaire;〃 III。; 129…131。

Hérault de Sechelles; allied with Danton; and accused of being

indulgent; had just given guarantees; however; and applied the

revolutionary regime in Alsace with a severity worthy of Billaud。

(Archives des Affaires étrangères; vol。  V。; 141。) 〃Instructions for

civil commissioners by Hérault; representative of the people;〃

(Colmar; Frimaire 2; year II。;) with suggestions as to the categories

of persons that are to be 〃sought for; arrested and immediately put in

jail;〃 probably embracing nineteen…twentieths of the inhabitants。



'60' Dauban; 〃Paris en 1794; 285; and following pages。  (Police

Reports; Germinal; year II。) Arrest of Hébert and associates 〃Nothing

was talked about the whole morning but the atrocious crimes of the

conspirators。  They were regarded as a thousand times more criminal

than Capet and his wife。  They ought to be punished a thousand times

over。  。  。  。  The popular hatred of Hébert is at its height 。  。  。

。  The people cannot forgive Hébert for having deceived them。  。  。  。

Popular rejoicings were universal on seeing the conspirators led to

the scaffold。〃



'61' Moniteur; XXIV。; 53。  (Session of Germinal 2; year III。) Words of

Prieur de la C?te…d'Or: 〃The first quarrel that occurred in the

Committee was between Saint…Just and Carnot; the latter says to the

former; 'I see that you and Robespierre are after a dictatorship。'〃 …

Ibid。; 74。  Levasseur makes a similar statement。…Ibid。; 570。  (Session

of Germinal 2; year III。; words of Carnot): 〃I had a right to call

Robespierre a tyrant every time I spoke to him。  I did the same with

Saint…Just and Couthon。〃



'62' Carnot; I。; 525。  (Testimony of Prieur。) Ibid。; 522。  Saint…Just

says to Carnot: 〃You are in league with the enemies of the patriots。

It is well for you to know that a few lines from me could send you to

the guillotine in two days。〃



'63' Buchez et Roux; XXX。; 185。  (Reply of Billaud; Collot; Vadier and

Barère to the renewed charges against them by Lecointre。) … Moniteur;

XXIV。; 84。  (Session of Germinal 7; year III。) Words of Barère: 〃On

the 4th of Thermidor; in the Committee; Robespierre speaks like a man

who had orders to give and victims to point out。〃 … 〃 And you;

Barère;〃 he replies; 〃remember the report you made on the2nd of

Thermidor;〃



'64' Heraclitus ( c。  540…480 BC) pre…Socratic philosopher; who

believed in a cosmic justice where sinners would be punished and

haunted by the Erinyes; (the furies) the handmaids of justice。  (SR)。



'65' Saint…Just; report on the Girondists; July 8; 1793; on the

necessity of imprisoning persons inimical to the Revolution; Feb。26;

1794; on the Hébertists; March 13; on the arrest of Herault…Séchelles

and Simond; March 17; on the arrest of Danton and associates March 31;

on a general policy; April 15。  … Cf。; likewise; his report on

declaring the government revolutionary until peace is declared; Oct。

10; 1793; and his report of the 9th of Thermidor; year II。



'66' Buchez et Roux; XXXI。; 346。  (Report of March 13; 1794。) …

XXXII。; 314。  (Report of April 15。)



'67' See 〃The Revolution;〃 II。; 313。



'68' A single phrase often suffices to give the measure of a man's

intellect and character。  The following by Saint…Just has this merit。

(Apropos of Louis XVI。  who; refraining from defending himself; left

the Tuileries and took refuge in the Assembly on the 10th of August。)

〃He came amongst you; he forced his way here。  。  。  。  He resorted to

the bosom of the legislature; his soldiers burst into the asylum。  。

。  。  He made his way; so to say; by sword thrusts into the bowels of

his country that he might find a place of concealment。〃



'69' Particularly in the long report on Danton containing a historic

survey of the factions; (Buchez et Roux; XXXII。; 76;) and the report

on the general police; (Ibid。; 304;) with another historic document of

the same order。  〃Brissot and Ronsin (were) recognized royalists。  。

。  。  Since Necker a system of famine has been devised。  。  。  。

Necker had a hand in the Orleans faction。  。  。  。  Double

representation (of the Third Estate) was proposed for it。〃 Among other

charges made against Danton; after the fusillade on the Champ de Mars

in July; 1791 〃You went to pass happy days at Arcis…sur…Aube; if it is

possible for a conspirator against his country to be happy。  。  。  。

When you knew that the tyrant's fall was prepared and inevitable you

returned to Paris on the 9th of August。  You wanted to go to bed on

that evil night。  。  。  。  Hatred; you said; is insupportable to me

and (yet) you said to us 'I do not like Marat;' etc。〃 There is an

apostrophe of nine consecutive pages against Danton; who is absent。



'70' Buchez et Roux; Ibid。; 312。  〃Liberty emanated from the bosom of

tempests; its origin dates with that of the world issuing out of chaos

along with man; who is born dissolved in tears。〃 (Applause。) … Ibid。;

308。  Cf。  his portrait; got up for effect; of the 〃revolutionary who

is 〃a treasure of good sense and probity。〃



'71' Ibid。; 312。  〃Liberty is not the chicanery of a palace; it is

rigidity towards evil。〃



'72' Barère; 〃 Mémoires;〃 I。  347。  〃Saint…Just 。  。  。  discussed

like a vizier。〃



'73' Buchez et Roux; XXXII。; 314。  〃Are the lessons furnished by

history; the examples afforded by all great men; lost to the universe?

These all counsel us to lead obscure lives; the lowly cot and virtue

form the grandeurs of this world。  Let us seek our habitations on the

banks of streams; rock the cradles of our children and educate them in

Disinterestedness and Intrepidity。〃 … As to his political or economic

capacity and general ideas; read his speeches and his 〃Institutions;〃

(Buchez et Roux; XXVIII。; 133; XXX。; 305; XXXV。; 369;) a mass of

chemical and abstract rant。



'74' Carnot; I。; 527。  (Narrated by Prieur。) 〃Often when hurriedly

eating a bit of dry bread at the Committee table; Barère with a jest;

brought a smile on our lips。〃



'75' Veron; II。; 14。…Arnault; II。; 74。  … Cf。; passim; 〃Mémoires de

Barère;〃 and the essay on Barère by Macaulay。



'76' Vilate; Barère Edition; 184; 186; 244。  〃 Fickle; frank;

affectionate; fond of society; especially that of women; in quest of

luxuries and knowing how to spend money。〃 … Carnot; II。  511。  In

Prieur's eyes; Barère was simply 〃a good fellow。〃



'77' Moniteur; XXI。; 173。  (Justification of Joseph Lebon and 〃his

somewhat harsh ways。〃) 〃The Revolution is to be spoken of with

respect; and revolutionary measures with due regard。  Liberty is a

virgin; to raise whose veil is a crime。〃 … And again: 〃The tree of

Liberty grows when watered with the blood of tyrants。〃



'78' Moniteur; XX。; 580; 582; 583; 587。  … 〃Campagnes de la Révolution

Fran?aise dans les Pyrénées…Orientales;〃 by Fervel; II。; 36 and

following pages。  … General Dugommier; after the capture of Toulouse;

spared the English general O'Hara; taken prisoner in spite of the

orders of the Convention。  and received the following letter from the

committee of Public Safety。  〃The Committee accepts your victory and

your wound as compensations。〃 On the 24th of December; Dugommier; that

he may not be present at the Toulon massacres; as
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