《the origins of contemporary france-4》

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'152' Ibid。; 〃These balls were brought out ostentatiously and shown to

the people beforehand。  The tying of our hands and passing three ropes

around our waists did not seem to him sufficient。  We kept these irons

on the rest of the route; and they were so heavy that; if the carriage

had tilted to one side; we should inevitably have had our legs broken。

The gate…keepers of the conciergerie of Paris; who had held their

places nine…teen years; were astonished at it。〃



'153' Archives des Affaires étrangères; vol。331。  (Letter of Haupt;

Belfort; Frimaire 13; year II。)



'154' Ibid。  (Letter by Desgranges; Bordeaux; Frimaire 10。)



'155' Ibid。; vol。332。  (Letter of Thiberge; Marseilles; Frimaire 14。)

〃I surrounded the town with my small army。〃



'156' Ibid。; 331。  (Orders of Representative Bassal; Besan?on Frimaire

5。) 〃No citizen shall keep in his house more than four months'

supplies。  。  。  。  Every citizen with more than this will deposit the

surplus in the granary 'd'abondance' provided for the purpose。  。  。

。  Immediately on receipt of the present order; the municipality will

summon all citizens that can thresh and proceed immediately; without

delay; to the threshing…ground; under penalty of being prosecuted as

refractory to the law。  。  。  。  The revolutionary army is specially

charged with the execution of the articles of this order; and the

revolutionary tribunals; following this army with the enforcement of

the penalties inflicted according to this order。〃 … Other documents

show us that the revolutionary army; organized in the department of

Doubs and in the five neighboring departments; comprises; in all; two

thousand four hundred men。  (Ibid。; vol。; 1411。  Letter of Meyenfeld

to Minister Desforges; Brumaire 27; year II。) … Archives Nationales;

AF。; II。; 111。  (Order of Couthon; Maignet; Chateauneuf; Randon; La

Porte and Albitte; Commune…Affranchie; Brumaire 9; year II。;

establishing in the ten surrounding departments a revolutionary army

of one thousand men per department; for the conscription of grain。

Each army is to be directed by commissioners; strangers to the

department; and is to operate in other departments than in the one

where it is raised。)



'157' Archives des Affaires étrangères; 331。  (Letter of Chépy;

Frimaire II。) … Writing one month before this; (Brumaire 6) he says:

〃The farmers show themselves very hostile against the towns and the

law of the maximum。  Nothing can be done without a revolutionary

army。〃



'158' Mercier; 〃Paris Pendant la Révolution;〃 I。; 357。



'159' Hua; 197。  I do not find in any printed or manuscript document

but one case of resistance; that of the brothers Chaperon; in the

hamlet of Leges; near Sens; who declare that they have no wheat except

for their own use; and who defend themselves by the use of a gun。  The

gendarmerie not being strong enough to overcome them; the tocsin is

sounded and the National Guard of Sens and the neighborhood is

summoned; bringing cannon; the affair ends with the burning of the

house。  The two brothers are killed。  Before being overcome; however;

they had struck down the captain of the National Guard of Sens and

killed or wounded nearly forty of their assailants。  A surviving

brother and a sister are guillotined。  (June; 1794。  Wallon; IV。;

352。)



'160' Moniteur; XVIII。; 663。  (Session of Frimaire 24; report by

Lecointre。) 〃The communes of Thieux; Jully and many others were

victims to their brigandage。〃 … 〃The stupor in the country is such

that the poor sufferers dare not complain of these vexations because;

they say; they are only too lucky to have escaped with their lives。〃 …

This time; however; these public brigands made a mistake。  Gibbon's

son happens to be Lecointre's tenant farmer。  Moreover; it is only

accidentally that he mentions the circumstance to his landlord; 〃he

came to see him for another purpose。〃 … Cf。  〃The Revolution;〃 vol。

II。; 302。  (There is a similar scene in the house of one Ruelle; a

farmer; in the commune of Lisse。)



'161' Passim Alfred Lallier; 〃Le sans…culotte Goullin。〃 … Wallon;

〃Histoire du Tribunal révolutionnaire de Paris;〃 V。; 368。  (Deposition

of Lacaille。) … In addition to this; the most extraordinary monsters

are met with in other administrative bodies; for example; in Nantes; a

Jean d'Héron; tailor; who becomes inspector of military stores。

〃After the rout at Clisson; says the woman Laillet; he appeared in the

popular club with a brigand's ear attached to his hat by way of

cockade。  His pockets were full of ears; which he took delight in

making the women kiss。  He exposed other things which he made them

kiss and the woman Laillet adds certain details which I dare not

transcribe。〃 (〃 Le patriote d'Héron;〃 by L。  de la Sicotière; pp。9 and

10。  Deposition of the woman Laillet; fish…dealer; also the testimony

of Mellinet; vol。  VIII。; p。256。)



'162' Wallon; V。; 368。  (Deposition of de Laillet。)



'163' Ibid。; V。; 37'。  (Deposition of Tabouret。)



'164' Ibid。; V。; 373。  (Deposition of Mariotte。)



'165' Monieur; XXII。; 321。  (Deposition of Philippe Troncjolly。) …

Berryat Saint…Prix; 〃La Justice Révolutionnaire;〃 39。



'166' Campardon; 〃Histoire du Tribunal Révolutionnaire;〃 II。; 30。

They have ten francs a day; and full powers conferred on them。

(Orders of Carrier and Francastel; October 28; 1793。) 〃The

representatives。  。  。  。  confer collectively and individually; on

each member of the revolutionary company; the right of surveillance

over all 'suspect' citizens in Nantes; over strangers who come to or

reside there; over monopolists of every sort。  。  。  。  The right to

make domiciliary visits wherever they may deem it advisable。  。  。  。

The armed force will everywhere respond to the demands made upon it in

the name of the company; or of any individual member composing it。〃 …

Berryat Saint…Prix; p。  42。  … Alfred Lallier; 〃 Les Noyades de

Nantes;〃 p。20。  (Deposition of Gauthier。) Ibid。; p。22。  〃Damn;〃

exclaims Carrier; 〃I kept that execution for Lamberty。  I'm sorry that

it was done by others。〃



'167' Alfred Lallier; ibid。; pp。21 and 90。  … Cf。  Moniteur; XXII。;

331。  (Deposition of Victoire Abraham。) 〃The drowners made quite free

with the women; even using them for their own purposes when pleased

with them; which women; in token of their kindness; enjoyed the

precious advantage of not being drowned。〃



'168' Campardon; II。; 8。  (Deposition of Commeret。) … Berryat Saint…

Prix; p。  42。…Ibid。; p。28。  Other agents of Carrier; Fouquet and

Lamberty; were condemned specially; 〃for having saved from national

vengeance Madame de Martilly and her maid 。  。  。  They shared the

woman Martilly and the maid between them。〃 In connection with the

〃dainty taste〃 of Jacobins for silk dresses M。 Berryat Saint…Prix

cites the following answer of a Jacobin of 1851 to the judge

d'instruction of Rheims; on the objection being made to him that the

Republic; as he understood it; could not last long; he replied:

〃Possibly; but say it lasts three months。  That's long enough to fill

one's pocket and belly and rumple silk dresses?〃 Another of the same

species said in 1871: 〃We shall anyhow have a week's use of it。〃

Observers of human nature will find analogous details in the history

of the Sepoy rebellion in India against the English in 1803; also in

the history of the Indians in the United States。  The September

massacres in Paris and the history of the combat of 1791 and 1792 have

already provided us with the same characteristic documents。



'169' Alfred Lallier; 〃Les Fusillades de Nantes;〃 P。23。  (Depositions

of Picard; commander of the National Guards of the escort。  … Cf。  the

depositions of Jean Jounet; paver; and of Henri Ferdinand; joiner。)



'170' Sauzay; 〃Histoire de la Persécution Révolutionnaire dans le

Département du Doubs;〃 VII。; 687。  (Letter of Grégoire; December 24;

1796。) 〃An approximative calculation makes the number of the authors

of so many crimes three hundred thousand; for in each commune there

were about five or six of these ferocious brutes who; named Brutus;

perfected the art of removing seals; drowning and cutting throats。

They consumed immense amounts in constructing 'Mountains;' in

reveling; and in fetes every three months which; after the first

parade; became parodies; represented by three or four actors in them;

and with no audience。  These consisted; finally; of a drum…beater and

the musical officer; and the latter; ashamed of himself; often

concealed his scarf in his pocket; on his way to the Temple of Reason。

。  。  。  But these 300 000 brigands had 2 or 300 directors; members of

the National convention; who cannot be called anything but scoundrels;

since the language provides no other epithet so forcible。〃





BOOK FOURTH。   The Governed。



CHAPTER I。  The Oppressed。



I。     Revolutionary Destruction。



Magnitude of revolutionary destructiveness。  … The four ways of

effecting it。  … Expulsion from the country through forced emigration

and legal banishment。  … Number of those expelled。  … Privation of

liberty。  … Different sorts of imprisonment。  … Number and situation

of those imprisoned。  … Murders after being tried; or without trial。

… Number of those guillotined or shot after trial。  … Indication of

the number of other lives destroyed。  … Necessity and plan for wider

destruction。  … Spoliation。  … Its extent。  … Squandering。  … Utter

losses。  … Ruin of individuals and the State。  … The Notables the most

oppressed。



The object of the Jacobin; first of all; is the destruction of his

adversaries; avowed or presumed; probable or possible。  Four violent

measures concur; together or in turn; to bring about the physical or

social extermination of all Frenchmen who no longer belong to the sect

or the party。



The first operation consists in expelling them from the territory。  …

Since 1789; they have been 
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