the origins of contemporary france-4- 第95部分

legal　manifestation　of　respect　for　the　public　magistrate；　having　sent

either　to　the　scaffold　or　to　prison；　and　fined　or　disgraced　the　small

local　élite；　having　degraded　to　the　level　of　prostitutes　and　felons

under　surveillance；　reputable　women　and　honorable　men　who　are；　by　law；

most　esteemed　under　a　normal　system　of　government　and　who；　under　the

revolutionary　system　are；　by　law；　the　least　so。＇118＇





IX。　　　The　Jacobin　Citizen　Robot。



Two　characteristics　of　the　upper　class；　wealth　and　education。　　…　Each

of　these　is　criminal。　　…　Measures　against　rich　and　well…to…do　people。

…　Affected　in　a　mass　and　by　categories。　　…　Measures　against　cultivated

and　polite　people。　　…　Danger　of　culture　and　distinction。　　…

Proscription　of　〃honest　folks。〃



Two　advantages；　fortune　and　education；　each　involving　the　other；　cause

a　man　to　be　ranked　in　the　upper　class；　hence；　one　or　the　other；

whether　each　by　itself　or　both　together；　mark　a　man　out　for

spoliation；　imprisonment　and　death。　　…　In　vain　may　he　have

demonstrated　his　Jacobinism；　and　Jacobinism　of　the　ultra　sort。

Hérault…Séchelles；　who　voted　for　murdering　the　King；　who　belongs　to

the　Committee　of　Public　Safety；　who；　in　the　Upper…Rhine；　has　just

carried　out　the　worst　revolutionary　ordinances；＇119＇　but　who　has　the

misfortune　to　be　rich　and　a　man　of　the　world；　is　led　to　the　scaffold；

and　those　devoted　to　the　guillotine　readily　explain　his　condemnation：

he　is　no　patriot；　…　how　could　he　be；　enjoying　an　income　of　two　hundred

thousand　livres；　and；　moreover；　is　he　not　a　general…advocate？＇120＇　One

of　these　offenses　is　sufficient。　　…　Alone　and　by　itself；　〃opulence；〃

writes　Saint…Just；　〃is　a　disgrace；〃　and；　according　to　him；　a　man　is

opulent　〃who　supports　fewer　children　than　he　has　thousands　of　livres

income；　in　effect；　among　the　persons　confined　as　〃rich　and　egoists〃　we

find；　according　to　the　very　declaration　of　the　Revolutionary

Committee；　persons　with　incomes　of　only　4；000；　3；700；　1；500；　and　even

500　livres。＇121＇　Moreover；　a　fortune　or　a　competence；　inspires　its

possessor　with　anti…revolutionary　sentiments；　consequently；　he　is　for

the　moment　an　obstruction；　〃You　are　rich；〃　says　Cambon；　making　use　of

a　personification；　〃you　cherish　an　opinion；　which　compels　us　to　be　on

the　defensive；　pay　then；　so　as　to　indemnify　us　and　be　thankful　for　our

indulgence　which；　precautionary　and　until　peace　is　declared；　keeps　you

under　bolt　and　bar。〃＇122＇　Rich；　anti…revolutionary；　and　vicious；〃

according　to　Robespierre；＇123＇　〃these　three　traits　depend　on　each

other；　and；　therefore；　the　possession　of　the　superfluous　is　an

infallible　sign　of　aristocracy；　a　visible　mark　of　incivism〃　and；　as

Fouché　says；　〃a　stamp　of　reprobation。〃　〃The　superfluous　is　an　evident

and　unwarrantable　violation　of　the　people's　rights；　every　man　who　has

more　than　his　wants　call　for；　cannot　use；　and　therefore　he　must　only

abuse。〃＇124＇　　Whoever　does　not　make　over　to　the　masses　the　excess　of

what　is　strictly　necessary。　　。　　。　　。　　places　himself　in　the　rank　of

'suspects。'　Rich　egoists；　you　are　the　cause　of　our　misfortunes！〃＇125＇

〃You　dared　to　smile　contemptuously　on　the　appellation　of　sans…

culottes；＇126＇　you　have　enjoyed　much　more　than　your　brethren　alongside

of　you　dying　with　hunger；　you　are　not　fit　to　associate　with　them；　and

since　you　have　disdained　to　have　them　eat　at　your　table；　they　cast　you

out　eternally　from　their　bosom　and　condemn　you；　in　turn；　to　wear　the

shackles　prepared　for　them　by　your　indifference　or　your　maneuvers。〃　In

other　words；　whoever　has　a　good　roof　over　his　head；　or　wears　good

clothes；　man　or　woman；　idler　or　industrious；　noble　or　commoner；　is

available　for　the　prison　or　the　guillotine；　or；　at　the　very　least；　he

is　a　taxable　and　workable　serf　at　pleasure；　his　capital　and

accumulations；　if　not　spontaneously　and　immediately　handed　over；　form

a　criminal　basis　and　proof　of　conviction。　　…　The　orders　of　arrest　are

generally　issued　against　him　on　account　of　his　wealth；　in　order　to

drain　a　town　of　these　offenders　one　by　one；　all　are　penned　together

according　to　their　resources；　at　Strasbourg；＇127＇　　193　persons　are

taxed；　each　from　6；000　to　300；000　livres；　in　all　9　million　livres；

payable　within　twenty…four　hours；　by　the　leading　men　of　each

profession　or　trade；　bankers；　brokers；　merchants；　manufacturers；

professors；　pastors；　lawyers；　physicians；　surgeons；　publishers；

printers；　upholsterers；　glass…dealers；　rope…makers；　master…masons；

coffee…house　and　tavern　keepers。　　And　let　there　be　no　delay　in

responding　to　these　orders　within　the　prescribed　time！　Otherwise　the

delinquents　will　be　placed　in　the　stocks；　on　the　scaffold；　face　to

face　with　the　guillotine。　　〃One　of　the　best　citizens　in　the　commune；

who　had　steadily　manifested　his　attachment　to　the　Revolution；　being

unable　to　realize　a　sum　of　250；000　livres　in　one　day；　was　fastened　in

the　pillory。〃＇128＇　Sometimes　the　orders　affected　an　entire　class；　not

alone　nobles　or　priests；　but　all　the　members　of　any　bourgeois

profession　or　even　of　any　handicraft。　　At　Strasbourg；　a　little　later；

〃considering　that　the　thirst　for　gold　has　always　controlled　the

brewers　of　the　commune；〃　they　are　condemned　to　250；000　livres　fine；　to

be　paid　in　three　days　under　penalty　of　being　declared　rebels；　with　the

confiscation　of　their　possessions；〃　then；　upon　another　similar

consideration；　the　bakers　and　flour　dealers　are　taxed　three　hundred

thousand　livres。＇129＇　In　addition　to　this；　writes　Representative

Milhaud；　at　Guyardin；＇130＇　〃We　have　ordered　the　arrest　of　all　bankers；

stock…brokers　and　notaries。　　。　　。　　。　　All　their　wealth　is　confiscated；

we　estimate　the　sums　under　seal　at　2　or　3　millions　in　coin；　and　15　or

16　in　assignats。〃　There　is　the　same　haul　of　the　net　at　Paris。　　By

order　of　Lhuillier；　procureur　of　the　department；　〃seals　are　placed　in

the　offices　of　all　the　bankers；　stock…brokers；　silversmiths；　etc。；〃

and　they　themselves　are　shut　up　in　the　Madelonettes；　a　few　days　after；

that　they　may　pay　their　drafts；　they　are　let　out　as　a　favor；　but　on

condition　that　they　remain　under　arrest　in　their　homes；　at　their　own

expense；　under　guard　of　two　good　sans…culottes。＇131＇　　In　like　manner；

at　Nantes；＇132＇　Lyons；　Marseilles　and　Bordeaux；　the　prisons　are　filled

and　the　guillotine　works　according　to　the　categories。　　At　one　time

they　are　〃all　of　the　Grand　Théatre；〃　or　the　principal　merchants；　〃to

the　number　of　more　than　200；〃　are　incarcerated　at　Bordeaux　in　one

night。＇133＇　At　another　time；　Paris　provides　a　haul　of　farmer…generals

or　parliamentarians。　　Carts　leave　Toulouse　conveying　its

parliamentarians　to　Paris　to　undergo　capital　punishment。　　At　Aix；

writes　an　agent；＇134＇



〃the　guillotine　is　going　to　work　on　former　lawyers　a　few　hundred　heads

legally　taken　off　will　do　the　greatest　good。〃



And；　as　new　crimes　require　new　terms　to　designate　them；　they　add　to

〃incivisme〃　and　〃moderantisme；〃　the　term　〃negociantisme；〃　all　of　which

are　easily　stated　and　widespread　crimes。



〃The　rich　and　the　merchants；〃　writes　an　observer；＇135＇　〃are　here；　as

elsewhere；　born　enemies　of　equality　and　lovers　of　hideous　federalism；

the　only　aristocracy　that　remains　to　be　crushed　out。〃



Barras；　with　still　greater　precision；　declares　in　the　tribune　that；

〃commerce　is　usurious；　monarchical　and　anti…revolutionary。〃＇136＇

Considered　in　itself；　it　may　be　defined　as　an　appeal　to　bad　instincts；

it　seems　a　corrupting；　incivique；　anti…fraternal　institution；　many

Jacobins　having　proposed　either　to　interdict　it　to　private　persons　and

attribute　it　wholly　to　the　State；　or　suppress　it　along　with　the　arts

and　manufactures　which　nourish　it；　in　order　that　only　a　population　of

agriculturists　and　soldiers　may　be　left　in　France。＇137＇



The　second　advantage　and　the　second　crime　of　the　notables　is

superiority　of　education。　　〃In　all　respectable　assemblages；〃　writes　a

Dutch　traveler　in　1795；＇138＇　〃you　may　be　sure　that　one…half　of　those

present　have　been　in　prison。　　　Add　the　absent；　the　guillotined；　the

exiled；　emigrés；　the　deported；　and　note　this；　that；　in　the　other

favored　half；　those　who　did　not　quaff　the　prison　cup　had　had　a

foretaste　of　it　for；　each　expected　daily　to　receive　his　warrant　of

arrest；　〃the　worst　thing　under　Robespierre；　as　several　old　gentlemen

have　told　me；　was　that　one　never　knew　in　the　morning　whether　one　would

sleep　in　one's　own　bed　at　night。〃　There　was　not　a　well…bred　man　who

did　not　live　in　dread　of　this；　examine　the　lists　of　〃suspects；〃　of　the

arrested；　of　exiles；　of　those　executed；　in　any　town；　district　or

department；＇139＇　and　you　will　see　immediately；　through　their　quality

and　occupations；　first；　that　three…quarters　of　the　cultivated　are

inscribed　on　it；　and　next；　that　intellectual　culture　in　itself　is

suspect。　　〃They　were　equally　criminal；〃＇140＇　write　the　Strasbourg

administrators；　〃whether　rich　or　cultivated　。　　。　　。　　。　　The　（Jacobin）

municipality　declared　the　University　federalist；　it　proscribed　public

instruction　and；　consequently；　the　professors；　regents；　and　heads　of

schools；　with　all　instructors；　public　as　well　as　private；　even　those

provided　with　certificates　of　civism；　were　arrested；　。　　。　　。　　。　　every

Protestant　minister　and　teacher　in　the　Lower…Rhine　department　was

incarcerated；　with　a　threat　of　being　transferred　to　the　citadel　at

Besan？on。〃　…　Fourcroy；　in　the　Jacobin　Club　at　Paris；　excusing　himself

for　being　a　savant；　for　giving　lectures　on　chemistry；　for　not　devoting

his　time　to　the　rantings　of　the　Convention　and　of　the　clubs；　is

obliged　to　declare　that　he　is　poor；　that　he　lives　by　his　work；　that　he

supports　〃his　father；　a　sans…culotte；　and　his　sans…culotte　sisters；〃

although　a　good　republican；　he　barely　escapes；　and　the　same　with

others　like　him。　　　All　educated　men　were　persecuted；〃　he　states　a

month　after　Thermidor　9；＇141＇　〃to　have　acquaintances；　to　be　literary；

sufficed　for　arrest；　as　an　aristocrat。　　。　　。　　。　　Robespierre　。　　。　　。

with　devilish　ingenuity；　abused；　calumniated　and　overwhelmed　with　gall

an