the origins of contemporary france-4- 第96部分

with　devilish　ingenuity；　abused；　calumniated　and　overwhelmed　with　gall

and　bitterness　all　who　were　devoted　to　serious　studies；　all　who

professed　extensive　knowledge；　。　　。　　。　　he　felt　that　cultivated　men

would　never　bend　the　knee　to　him　＇142＇。　　。　　。　　。　　。　　Instruction　was

paralyzed；　they　wanted　to　burn　the　libraries　。　　。　　。　　。　　。　　Must　I

tell　you　that　at　the　very　door　of　your　assembly　errors　in　orthography

are　seen？　Nobody　learns　how　to　read　or　write。〃　…　At　Nantes；　Carrier

boasts　of　having　〃dispersed　the　literary　chambers；〃　while　in　his

enumeration　of　the　evil…minded　he　adds　〃to　the　rich　and　merchants；〃

〃all　gens　d'esprit。〃＇143＇　Sometimes　on　the　turnkey's　register　we　read

that　such　an　one　was　confined　〃for　being　clever　and　able　to　do

mischief；〃　another　for　saying　〃good…day；　gentlemen；　to　the　municipal

councillors。〃＇144＇



Politeness　has；　like　other　signs　of　a　good　education；　become　a　stigma；

good　manners　are　considered；　not　only　as　a　remnant　of　the　ancient

régime；　but　as　a　revolt　against　the　new　institutions；　now；　as　the

governing　principle　of　these　is；　theoretically；　abstract　equality　and；

practically；　the　ascendancy　of　the　low　class；　one　rebels　against　the

established　order　of　things　when　one　repudiates　coarse　companions；

familiar　oaths；　and　the　indecent　expressions　of　the　common　workman　and

the　soldier。　　In　sum；　Jacobinism；　through　its　doctrines　and　deeds；　its

dungeons　and　executioners；　proclaims　to　the　nation　over　which　it　holds

the　rod：＇145＇



　〃Be　rude；　that　you　may　become　republican；　return　to　barbarism　that

you　may　show　the　superiority　of　your　genius；　abandon　the　customs　of

civilized　people　that　you　may　adopt　those　of　galley　slaves；　mar　your

language　with　a　view　to　improve　it；　use　that　of　the　populace　under

penalty　of　death。　　Spanish　beggars　treat　each　other　in　a　dignified

way；　they　show　respect　for　humanity　although　in　tatters。　　We；　on　the

contrary；　order　you　to　assume　our　rags；　our　patois；　our　terms　of

intimacy。　　Don　the　carmagnole　and　tremble；　become　rustics　and　dolts；

and　prove　your　civism　by　the　absence　of　all　education。〃



This　is　true　to　the　letter。



〃Education；＇146＇　〃　says　another　contemporary；　〃amiable　qualities；

gentle　ways；　a　mild　physiognomy；　bodily　graces；　a　cultivated　mind；　all

natural　endowments　are　henceforth　the　inevitable　causes　of

proscription。〃



One　is　self…condemned　if　one　has　not　converted　oneself　into　a　sans…

culotte　and　proletarian；　in　accordance　with　affected　modes；　air；

language　and　dress。　　Hence；



〃through　a　hypocritical　contest　hitherto　unknown　men　who　were　not

vicious　deemed　it　necessary　to　appear　so。〃



And　worse　still；



　〃one　was　even　afraid　to　be　oneself；　one　changed　one's　name；　one　went

in　disguise；　wearing　a　vulgar　and　tasteless　attire；　everybody　shrunk

from　being　what　he　was。〃



For；　according　to　the　Jacobin　program；　all　Frenchmen　must　be

recast＇147＇　in　one　uniform　mold；　they　must　be　taken　when　small；　all

must　be　subject　to　the　same　enforced　education；　that　of　a　mechanic；

rustic　and　soldier's　boy。　　Be　warned；　ye　adults；　by　the　guillotine；

reform　yourselves　beforehand　according　to　the　prescribed　pattern！　No

more　costly；　elegant　or　delicate　crystal　or　gold　vases！　All　are

shattered　or　are　still　being　shattered。　　Henceforth；　only　common　ware

is　to　be　tolerated　or　ordered　to　be　made；　all　alike　in　substance；

shape　and　color；　manufactured　by　thousands　at　wholesale　and　in　public

factories；　for　the　common　and　plain　uses　of　rural　and　military　life；

all　original　and　superior　forms　are　to　be　rejected。



　〃The　masters　of　the　day；〃　writes　Daunou；＇148＇　〃deliberately　aimed

their　sword　thrusts　at　superior　talent；　at　energetic　characters；　they

mowed　down　as　well　as　they　could　in　so　short　a　time；　the　flower　and

hope　of　the　nation。〃



In　this　respect　they　were　consistent；　equality…socialism＇149＇　allows

none　but　automatic　citizens；　mere　tools　in　the　hands　of　the　State；　all

alike；　of　a　rudimentary　fashion　and　easily　managed；　without　personal

conscience；　spontaneity；　curiosity　or　integrity；　whoever　has

cultivated　himself；　whoever　has　thought　for　himself　and　exercised　his

own　will　and　judgment　rises　above　the　level　and　shakes　off　the　yoke；

to　obtain　consideration；　to　be　intelligent　and　honorable；　to　belong　to

the　élite；　is　to　be　anti…revolutionary。　　In　the　popular　club　of　Bourg…

en…Bresse；＇150＇　Representative　Javogues　declared　that；



　〃the　Republic　could　be　established　only　on　the　corpse　of　the　last　of

the　respectable　men。〃



X。　　　The　Governors　and　the　Governed。



Prisoners　in　the　rue　de　Sévres　and　the　〃Croix…Rouge〃　revolutionary

committee。　　…　The　young　Dauphin　and　Simon　his　preceptor。　　…　Judges；

and　those　under　their　jurisdiction。　　…　Trenchard　and　Coffinhal；

Lavoisier　and　André　Chénier。



Here　we　have；　on　one　side；　the　élite　of　France；　almost　every　person　of

rank；　fortune；　family；　and　merit；　those　eminent　for　intelligence；

culture；　talent　and　virtue；　all　deprived　of　common　rights；　in　exile；

in　prison；　under　pikes；　and　on　the　scaffold。　　On　the　other　side；　those

above　common　law；　possessing　every　office　and　omnipotent　in　the

irresponsible　dictatorship；　in　the　despotic　proconsulships；　in　the

sovereignty　of　justice；　a　horde　of　the　outcasts　of　all　classes；　the

parvenus　of　fanaticism；　charlatanism；　imbecility　and　crime。　　Often；

when　these　personalities　meet；　one　sees　the　contrast　between　the

governed　and　the　governors　in　such　strong　relief　that　one　almost

regards　it　as　calculated　and　arranged　beforehand；　the　colors　and　brush

of　the　painter；　rather　than　words；　are　necessary　to　represent　it。　　In

the　western　section　of　Paris；　in　the　prisons　of　the　rue　de　Sévres＇151＇

the　prisoners　consist　of　the　most　distinguished　personages　of　the

Quartier　Saint　Germain；　prelates；　officers；　grand…seigniors；　and　noble

ladies；　…　…　Monseigneur　de　Clermont…Tonnerre；　Monseigneur　de　Crussol

d'Amboise；　Monseigneur　de　Hersaint；　Monseigneur　de　Saint　Simon；　bishop

of　Agde；　the　Comtesse　de　Narbonne…Pelet；　the　Duchesse　de　Choiseul；　the

Princesse　de　Chimay；　the　Comtesse　de　Raymond…Narbonne　and　her

daughter；　two　years　of　age；　in　short；　the　flower　of　that　refined

society　which　Europe　admired　and　imitated　and　which；　in　its　exquisite

perfection；　equalled　or　surpassed　all　that　Greece；　Rome　and　Italy　had

produced　in　brilliancy；　polish　and　amiability。　　Contrast　with　these

the　arbiters　of　their　lives　and　deaths；　the　potentates　of　the　same

quarter　who　issue　the　warrants　of　arrest　against　them；　who　pen　them　in

to　speculate　on　them；　and　who　revel　at　their　expense　and　before　their

eyes：　these　consist　of　the　members　of　the　revolutionary　committee　of

the　Croix…Rouge；　the　eighteen　convicted　rogues　and　debauchees

previously　described；＇152＇　ex…cab…drivers；　porters；　cobblers；　street…

messengers；　stevedores；　bankrupts；　counterfeiters；　former　or　future

jail…birds；　all　clients　of　the　police　or　alms…house　riff…raff。　　…　At

the　other　end　of　Paris；　in　the　east；　in　the　tower　of　the　Temple；

separated　from　his　sister　and　torn　from　his　mother；　still　lives　the

little　Dauphin：　no　one　in　France　merits　more　pity　or　respect　than　him。

For；　if　France　exists；　it　is　owing　to　the　thirty…five　military　chiefs

and　crowned　kings　of　which　he　is　the　last　direct　scion；　without　their

thousand　years　of　hereditary　rule　and　preserving　policy　the　intruders

into　the　Tuileries　who　have　just　profaned　their　tombs　at　St。　　Denis

and　thrown　their　bones　into　a　common　ditch；＇153＇　would　not　be

Frenchmen。　　At　this　moment；　were　suffrages　free；　the　immense　majority

of　the　people；　nineteen　Frenchmen　out　of　twenty；　would　recognize　this

innocent　and　precious　child　for　their　King；　the　heir　of　the　people　of

which　their　nation　and　country　is　formed；　a　child　of　eight　years；　of

rare　precociousness；　as　intelligent　as　he　is　good；　and　of　a　gentle　and

winning　expression。　　Look　at　the　other　figure　alongside　of　him；　his

fist　raised　and　with　insults　on　his　lips；　with　a　hang…dog　face；

bloated　with　brandy；　titular　governor；　official　preceptor；　and

absolute　master　of　this　child；　the　cobbler　Simon；　malignant；　foul…

mouthed；　mean　in　every　way；　forcing　him　to　become　intoxicated；

starving　him；　preventing　him　from　sleeping；　thrashing　him；　and　who；

obeying　orders；　instinctively　visits　on　him　all　his　brutality　and

corruption　that　he　may　pervert；　degrade　and　deprave　him。＇154＇　…　In　the

Palais　de　Justice；　midway　between　the　tower　of　the　Temple　and　the

prison　in　the　rue　de　Sèvres；　an　almost　similar　contrast；　transposing

the　merits　and　demerits；　daily　brings　together　in　opposition　the

innocent　with　the　vile。　　There　are　days　when　the　contrast；　still　more

striking；　seats　criminals　on　the　judges'　bench　and　judges　on　the　bench

of　criminals。　　On　the　first　and　second　of　Floréal；　the　old

representatives　and　trustees　of　liberty　under　the　monarchy；　twenty…

five　magistrates　of　the　Paris　and　Toulouse　parliaments；　many　of　them

being　eminent　intellects　of　the　highest　culture　and　noblest　character；

embracing　the　greatest　historical　names　of　the　French　magistracy；　…

Etienne　Pasquier；　Lefèvre　d'Ormesson；　Molé　de　Champlatreux；　De

Lamoignon；　de　Malesherbes；　…　are　sent　to　the　guillotine＇155＇　by　the

judges　and　juries　familiar　to　us；　assassins　or　brutes　who　do　not　take

the　trouble；　or　who　have　not　the　capacity；　to　give　proper　color　to

their　sentences。　　M。　de　Malesherbes　exclaims；　after　reading　his

indictment；　〃　If　that　were　only　common…sense！〃　…　In　effect　those　who

pronounce　judgment　are；　by　their　own　admission；　〃substantial　jurymen；

good　sans…culottes；　natural　people。〃　And　such　a　nature！　One　of　these；

Trenchard；　an　Auvergnat　carpenter；　portrays　himself　accurately　in　the

following　note　addressed　to　his　wife　before　the　trial　comes　on：



〃If　you　are　not　alone；　and　the　companion　can　work；　you　may　come；　my

dear；　and　see　the　twenty…four　gentlemen　condemned；　all　of　them　former

presidents　or　councillors　in　the　parliaments　of　Toulouse　and　Paris。　　I

recommend　you　to　bring　something　along