《the origins of contemporary france-4》

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presidents or councillors in the parliaments of Toulouse and Paris。  I

recommend you to bring something along with you (to eat); it will be

three hours before we finish。  I embrace you; my dear friend and

wife。〃'156'



In the same court; Lavoisier; the founder and organizer of chemistry;

the great discoverer; and condemned to death; asks for a reprieve of

his sentence for a fortnight to complete an experiment; and the

president; Coffinhal; another Auvergnat; replies;



 〃The Republic has no need of savants。〃'157'



 And it has no need of poets。  The first poet of the epoch; André

Chénier; the delicate and superior artist who reopens antique sources

of inspiration and starts the modern current; is guillotined; we

possess the original manuscript indictment of his examination; a

veritable master…piece of gibberish and barbarism; of which a full

copy is necessary to convey an idea of its 〃turpitudes of sense and

orthography。〃'158' The reader may there see; if he pleases; a man of

genius delivered up to brutes; coarse; angry; despotic animals; who

listen to nothing; who comprehend nothing; who do not even understand

terms in common use; who stumble through their queries; and who; to

ape intelligence; draggle their pens along in supreme stupidity。



The overthrow is complete。  France; subject to the Revolutionary

Government; resembles a human being forced to walk with his head down

and to think with his feet。

_____________________________________________________________________



Notes:





'1' Cf。  〃The Revolution;〃 book I。; ch。  3; and book III。; chs。 9 and

10。



'2' Grégoire; 〃 Memoires;〃 II。; 172。  〃About eighteen thousand

ecclesiastics are enumerated among the émigrés of the first epoch。

About eighteen thousand more took themselves off; or were sent off;

after the 2nd of September。〃



'3' Ibid。; 26。  〃The chief of the émigré bureau in the police

department (May 9; 1805) enumerates about two hundred thousand persons

reached; or affected; by the laws concerning emigration。〃 … Lally…

Tolendal; 〃Défense des Emigrés;〃 (2nd part; p。  62 and passim)。

Several thousand persons inscribed as émigrés did not leave France。

The local administration recorded them on its lists either because

they lived in another department; and could not obtain the numerous

certificates exacted by the law in proof of residence; or because

those who made up the lists treated these certificates with contempt。

It was found convenient to manufacture an émigré in order to

confiscate his possessions legally; and even to guillotine him; not

less legally; as a returned émigré。  … Message of the Directory to the

〃Five Hundred;〃 Vent?se 3; year V。: 〃According to a rough estimate;

obtained at the Ministry of Finances; the number enrolled on the

general list of émigres amounts to over one hundred and twenty

thousand; and; again; the lists from some of the departments have not

come in。〃 … Lafayette; 〃Mémoires;〃 vol。  II。; 181。  (Letters to M。 de

Maubourg; Oct。  17; 1799 (noté) Oct。  19; 1800。) According to the

report of the Minister of Police; the list of émigrés; in nine vols。;

still embraced one hundred and forty…five thousand persons;

notwithstanding that thirteen thousand were struck off by the

Directory; and twelve hundred by the consular government。



'4' Cf。  Mémoires of Louvet; Dulaure and Vaublanc。  … Mallet…Dupan;

〃Mémoires;〃 II。; 7。  〃Several; to whom I have spoken; literally made

the tour of France in various disguises; without having been able to

find an outlet; it was only after a series of romantic adventures that

they finally succeeded in gaining the Swiss frontier; the only one at

all accessible。〃 … Sauzay; V。; 210; 220; 226; 276。  (Emigration of

fifty…four inhabitants of Charquemont; setting out for Hungary。)



'5' Ibid。; vols。  IV。; V。; VI。; VII。  (On the banished priests

remaining and still continuing their ministrations; and on those who

returned to resume them。) … To obtain an idea of the situation of the

emigrés and their relations and friends; it is necessary to read the

law of Sep。15; 1794 (Brumaire 25; year III。); which renews and

generalizes previous laws; children of fourteen years and ten years

are affected by it。  It was with the greatest difficulty; even if one

did not leave France; that a person could prove that he had not

emigrated。



'6' Pandour; an 18th century Croatian foot…soldier in the Austrian

service: a robber。  (SR)



'7' Moniteur; XVIII。; 215。  (Letter of Brigadier…general Vandamme to

the convention; Ferney; Brumaire I; year II。) The reading of this

letter calls forth 〃reiterated applause。〃



'8' Sauzay; V。; 196。  (The total is five thousand two hundred。  Some

hundreds of names might be added; inasmuch as many of the village

lists are wanting。)



'9' Buchez et Roux; XXXIV。; 434。  (Trial of Fouquier…Tinville;

deposition of Therriet…Grandpré; one of the heads of the commission on

civil Police and Judicial Administration; 51st witness。)



'10' Report by Saladin; March 4; 1795。



'11' Wallon; 〃La Terreur;〃 II。; 202。



'12' Duchatelier; 〃Brest Pendant la Terreur;〃 p。  105。  … Paris;

〃Histoire de Joseph Lebon;〃 II。; 370。  … 〃Tableau des Prisons de

Toulouse;〃 by Pescayre; p。  409。  … 〃 Recueil de Pièces Authentiques

sur la Révolution à Strasbourg;〃 I。; 65。  (List of arrests after

Prairial 7; year II。) When the following arrests were made there were

already over three thousand persons confined in Strasbourg。〃 … Alfred

Lallier; 〃Les Noyades de Nantes;〃 p。90。  … Berryat Saint…Prix; p。436。

(Letter of Maignet to Couthon; Avignon; Floreal 4; year II。)



'13' Baulieu; 〃Essais;〃 V。; 283。  At the end of December; 1793;

Camille Desmoulins wrote: 〃Open the prison doors to those two hundred

thousand citizens whom you call 'suspects'!〃 … The number of prisoners

largely increased during the seven following months。  (〃Le Vieux

Cordelier;〃 No。  IV。; Frimaire 30; year II。) … Beaulieu does not state

precisely what the committee of General Security meant by the word

déténu。  Does it merely relate to those incarcerated? Or must all who

were confined at their own houses be included? … We are able to verify

his statement and determine the number; at least approximatively; by

taking one department in which the rigor of the revolutionary system

was average and where the lists handed in were complete。  According to

the census of 1791; Doubs contained two hundred and twenty…one

thousand inhabitants; France had a population of 26 millions; and we

have just seen the number of each category that were under

confinement; the proportion for France gives 258 000 persons

incarcerated; and 175 000 confined to their houses; and 175 000

persons besides these on the limits in their communes; or ajournées;

that is to say; 608 000 persons deprived of their liberty。  The first

two categories form a total of 433 000 persons; sufficiently near

Beaulieu's figures。



'14' Paris; 〃Histoire de Joseph Lebon;〃 II。; 371; 372; 375; 377; 379;

380。  … 〃Les Angoisses de la Mort;〃 by Poirier and Monjay of Dunkirk

(second edition; year III。)。  〃Their children and trusty agents still

remained in prison; they were treated no better than ourselves。  。  。

。  we saw children coming in from all quarters; infants of five years;

and; to withdraw them from paternal authority; they had sent to them

from time to time; commissioners who used immoral language with them。〃



'15' Mémoires sur les Prisons;〃 (Barrière et Berville collection);

II。; 354; and appendix F。  Ibid。; II。; 2262。  … The women were the

first to pass under rapiotage。〃 (Prisons of Arras and that of Plessis;

at Paris。)



'16' Documents on Daunou;〃 by Taillandier。  (Narrative by Daunou; who

was imprisoned in turn in La Force; in the Madelonettes; in the

English Benedictine establishment; in the Hotel des Fermes; and in

Port…Libre。) … On prison management cf。; for the provinces; 〃Tableaux

des Prisons de Toulouse;〃 by Pescayre; 〃Un Sejour en France;〃 and 〃Les

Horreurs des Prisons d'Arras;〃 for Arras and Amiens; Alexandrines des

Echerolles; 〃Une Famille noble sous la Terreur;〃 for Lyons; the trial

of Carrier for Nantes; for Paris; 〃Histoire des Prisons〃 by Nougaret;

4 vols。; and the 〃Mémoires sur les Prisons;〃 2 vols。



'17' Testimony of Representative Blanqui; imprisoned at La Force; and

of Representative Beaulieu; imprisoned in the Luxembourg and at the

Madelonettes。  … Beaulieu; 〃Essais;〃 V。; 290: 〃The conciergerie was

still full of wretches held for robbery and assassination; poverty…

stricken and repulsive。  … It was with these that counts; marquises;

voluptuous financiers; elegant dandies; and more than one wretched

philosopher; were shut up; pell…mell; in the foulest cells; waiting

until the guillotine could make room in the chambers filled with camp…

bedsteads。  They were generally put with those on the straw; on

entering; where they sometimes remained a fortnight。。。  It was

necessary to drink brandy with these persons; in the evening; after

having dropped their excrement near their straw; they went to sleep in

their filth。  。  。  。  I passed those three nights half…sitting; half…

stretched out on a bench; one leg on the ground and leaning against

the wall。〃 … Wallon; 〃La Terreur;〃 II。; 87。  (Report of Grandpré on

the Conciergerie; March 17; 1793。  〃Twenty…six men collected into one

room; sleeping on twenty…one mattresses; breathing the foulest air and

covered with half…rotten rags。〃 In another room forty…five men and ten

straw…beds; in a third; thirty…nine poor creatures dying in nine

bunks; in three other rooms; eighty miserable creatures on sixteen

mattresses filled with vermin; and; as to the women; fifty…four having

nine mattresses and standing up alternately。  … The worst prisons in

Paris were the Conciergerie; La Force; Le Plessis and Bicêtre。  …

〃Tableau des Prisons de Toulouse;〃 p。  316。  〃Dying with hunger; w
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