《the origins of contemporary france-4》

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〃Tableau des Prisons de Toulouse;〃 p。  316。  〃Dying with hunger; we

contended with the dogs for the bones intended for them; and we

pounded them up to make soup with。〃



'18' 〃Recueil de Pièces; etc。;〃 i。; p。3。  (Letter of Frédéric Burger;

Prairial 2; year II。)



'19' Alfred Lallier; 〃Les Noyades de Nantes;〃 p。  90。  … Campardon;

〃Histoire de Tribunal Révolutionnaire de Paris;〃 (trial of Carrier);

II。; 55。  (Deposition of the health…officer; Thomas。) 〃 I saw perish

in the revolutionary hospital (at Nantes) seventy…five prisoners in

two days。  None but rotten mattresses were found there; on each of

which the epidemic had consumed more than fifty persons。  At the

Entrepot; I found a number of corpses scattered about here and there。

I saw children; still breathing; drowned in tubs full of human

excrement。〃



'20' Narrative of the sufferings of unsworn priests; deported in 1794;

in the roadstead of Aix; passim。



'21' 〃Histoire des Prisons;〃 I。; 10。  〃Go and visit;〃 says a

contemporary; (at the Conciergerie); the dungeons called 'the great

C?sar;' 'Bombie;' 'St。  Vincent。' ' Bel Air;' etc。; and say whether

death is not preferable to such an abode。〃 Some persons; indeed; the

sooner to end the matter; wrote to the public prosecutor; accusing

themselves; demanding a king and priests; and are at once guillotined;

as they hoped to be。  … Cf。  the narrative of 〃La Translation des 132

à Nantois Paris;〃 and Riouffe; 〃Mémoires;〃 on the sufferings of

prisoners on their way to their last prison。



'22' Berryat Saint…Prix; p。  IX。; passim。



'23' Campardon; II。; 224。



'24' Berryat Saint…Prix; 445。  … Paris; 〃Histoire de Joseph Lebon;〃

II。; 352。  … Alfred Lallier; p。  90。  … Buchez et Roux; XXXII。; 394。



'25' Berryat Saint…Prix; pp。23; 24。



'26' Berryat Saint…Prix; p。458。  〃At Orange; Madame de Latour…Vidan;

aged eighty and idiotic for many years; was executed with her son。  It

is stated that; on being led to the scaffold; she thought she was

entering a carriage to pay visits and so told her son。〃 … Ibid。; 471。

After Thermidor; the judges of the Orange commission having been put

on trial; the jury declared that 〃 they refused to hear testimony for

the defense and did not allow the accused even informal lawyers to

defend them。〃



'27' Camille Boursier;〃 La Terreur en Anjou;〃 p。228。  (Deposition of

Widow Edin。) 〃La Persac; a nun ill and infirm; was ready to take the

oath。  Nicolas; Vacheron's agent; assisted by several other persons;

dragged her out of bed and put her on a cart; from ninety to ninety…

four others were shot along with her。〃



'28' Berryat Saint…Prix; p。  161。  The following are samples of these

warrants: 〃S。  (shot); Germinal 13; Widow Menard; seventy…two years

old; an old aristocrat; liking nobody; habitually living by herself。〃

… Warrant of the Marseilles committee; Germinal 28; year II。;

condemning one Cousinéri for having continually strayed off as if to

escape popular vengeance; to which he was liable on account of his

conduct and for having detested the Revolution。〃 … Camille Boursier;

p。72; Floréal 15; year II。; execution of 〃Gerard; guilty of having

scorned to assist at the planting of a Liberty…pole; in the commune of

Vouille; Sep。; 1792; and inducing several municipal officers to join

him in his insolent and liberticide contempt。〃



'29' Wallon; 〃Histoire du Tribunal Révolutionnaire de Paris; V。; 145。



'30' Ibid。; v。; 109。  (Deposition of Madame de Maillé。) … V。; 189。

(Deposition of Lhullier。) … Cf。  Campardon; in the same affairs。



'31' Campardon; II。; 189; 190; 193; 197。  (Depositions of Beaulieu;

Duclos; Tirard; Ducray; etc。)



'32' Berryat Saint…Prix; 395。  (Letter of Representative Moyse Bayle;)

… Ibid。; 216。  (Words of Representative Lecarpentier at Saint…Malo。)

〃Why such delays? Of what use are these eternal examinations? What

need is there of going so deep into this matter? The name; profession

and the upshot; and the trial is over。〃 … He publicly stated to the

informers: You don't know what facts you require to denounce the

Moderates? Well; a gesture; one single gesture; suffices。〃



'33' Letter of Payan to Roman Formosa; judge at Orange: 〃In the

commissions charged with punishing the conspirators; no formalities

should exist; the conscience of the judge is there as a substitute for

these。  。  。  The commissions must serve as political courts; they

must remember that all the men who have not been on the side of the

Revolution are against it; since they have done nothing for the

country。  。  。  I say to all judges; in the name of the country; do

not risk saving a guilty man。〃 … Robespierre made the same declaration

in the Jacobin Club。  Frimaire 19; year II。: 〃We judge; in politics;

with the suspicions of an enlightened patriotism。〃



'34' 〃Mémoires de Fréron〃 and on Fréron; (collection Barrière et

Berville;) p。364。  Letter of Fréron; Toulon; Niv?se 16。  〃More than

eight hundred Toulonese have already been shot。〃



'35' Lallier; p。90。  (The eleven distinct drownings ascertained by M。

Lallier extend up to Pluvi?se 12; year II。)



'36' Moniteur; XXII。; 227。  (Official documents read in the

Convention; Vent?se 21; year III。) These documents authenticate an

ulterior drowning。  Vent?se 9; year II。; by order of Lefévre; adjutant

general; forty…one persons were drowned; among whom were two men

seventy…eight years of age and blind; twelve women; twelve young

girls; fifteen children; of which ten were between six and ten years

old; and five at the breast。  The drowning took place in the Bourgneuf

bay。…Carrier says in the Convention; (Moniteur; XXII。; p。578); in

relation to the drowning of pregnant women: 〃At Laval; Angers; Saumur;

Chaban…Gontier; everywhere the same things took place as at Nantes。〃



'37' Camille Boursier; p。159。



'38' Ibid。; 203。  Representative Francastel announces 〃the firm

determination to purge; to bleed freely this Vendean question。〃 This

same Francastel wrote to General Grignon: 〃Make those brigands

tremble! Give them no quarter! The prisons in Vendée are overflowing

with prisoners! 。  。  。  The conversion of this country into a desert

must be completed。  Show no weakness and no mercy。  。  。  These are

the views of the Convention。  。  。  。  I swear that Vendée shall be

depopulated。〃



'39' Granier de Cassagnac; 〃His。  du Directoire;〃 II。; 241。  … (Letter

of General Hoche to the Minister of the Interior; Feb。  2; 1796。)

〃Only one out of five remains of the population of 1789。〃



'40' Campardon; II。; 247; 249; 251; 261; 321。  (Examination of

Fouquier…Tinville; Cambon's words。)



'41' Article by Guffroy; in his journal Le Rougiff: 〃Down with the

nobles; and so much the worse for the good ones; if there are any! Let

the guillotine stand permanently throughout the Republic。  Five

millions of inhabitants are enough for France!〃 … Berryat Saint…Prix;

445。  (Letter of Fauvety; Orange; Prairial 14; year II。) 〃We have but

two confined in our arrondissement。  What a trifle!〃 … Ibid。; 447。

(Letter of the Orange Committee to the Committee of Public Safety;

Messidor 3。) As soon as the Committee gets fully agoing it is to try

all the priests; rich merchants and ex…nobles。〃 … (Letter of Juge;

Messidor 2。) 〃Judging by appearances more than three thousand heads

will fall in the department。〃 … Ibid。; 311。  At Bordeaux; a huge

scaffold is put up; authorized by the Military Committee; with seven

doors; two of which are large and like barn…doors; called a four…

bladed guillotine; so as to work faster and do more。  The warrant and

orders for its construction bear date Thermidor 3 and 8; year II。  …

Berryat Saint…Prix; 285。  Letter of Representative Blutel; on mission

at Rochefort; after Thermidor: 〃A few men; sunk in debauchery and

crime; dared proscribe (here) virtues; patriotism; because it was not

associated with their sanguinary excitement: the tree of Liberty; they

said; required for its roots ten feet of human gore。〃



'42' 〃Recueil de Pièces Authentiques; concernant le Revolution à

Strasbourg;〃 I。; 174; 178。  Examples of revolutionary taxes。  … Orders

of Representatives Milhaud; Ruamps; Guyadin; approving of the

following contributions; Brumaire 20; year II。



On 3 individuals of Stutzheim。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。150;000 livres。

 〃 3    〃           Offenheim。。。。。  。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。30;000  〃

 〃21   〃            Molsheim 。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。367;000  〃

 〃 17   〃           Oberenheim。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。402;000  〃

 〃 84   〃           Rosheim。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。503;000  〃

 〃 10   〃           Mutzig。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。114;000  〃



  Another order by Daum and Tisseraud; members of the committee who

temporarily replace the district administrators: 〃Whereas; it is owing

to the county aristocrats that the Republic supports the war;〃 they

approve of the following taxes:



On the aristocrats of Geispolzheim;              400;000 livres。

         ditto     of Obersch?ffolsheim          200;000 〃

         ditto     of  Düttlenheim               150;000 〃

         ditto     of  Duppigheim                100;000 〃

         ditto     of  Achenheim                 100;000 〃



List of contributions raised in the rural communes of the district of

Strasbourg; according to an assessment made by Stamm; procureur pro

tem。  of the district; amounting to three millions one hundred and

ninety…six thousand one hundred livres。



'43' 〃Recueil des Pieces Authentiques;〃 etc。; I。; 23。  By order of the

representatives under date of Brumaire 25; year II。  〃The municipality

of Strasbourg stripped the whole commune of shoes in twenty…four

hours; sending for them from house to house。〃 … Ibid。。  p。32。  Orders

of Representatives Lemaire and Baudot; Frimaire I; year II。; declaring

that kitchen…utensils; boilers; sauce…pans; stew…pans; kettles and

other copper and lead vessels; as well as copper and lead not worked…

up; foun
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