ed。 It is built of layers of well…seasoned pine； securely fastened together to form one solid mass； which； after having been laid up of the general outline required； is carefully worked off； until its surface； which is made perfectly smooth； exactly conforms to the selected lines； and its beam； depth； and length are those of the given boat。 During the process of its construction； suitable rabbets are cut to receive the lower keelson； the two inwales； and the bow and stern deadwoods； which； being put in position； are worked off so that their surfaces are flush with that of the model； and forming； as it were； an integral part of it。 It being important that these parts should； in the completed boat； be firmly attached to the skin； their surface is； at this part of the process； covered with a suitable adhesive preparation。
〃The model is now ready to be covered with paper。 Two kinds are used： that made from the best Manila； and that prepared from pure unbleached linen stock； the sheets being the full length of the model； no matter what that may be。 If Manila paper is used； the first sheet is dampened； laid smoothly on the model； and securely fastened in place by tacking it to certain rough strips attached to its upper face。 Other sheets are now superposed on this and on each other； and suitably cemented together； the number depending upon the size of the boat and the stiffness required。 If linen paper is used； but one sheet is employed； of such weight and dimensions that； when dry； it will give just the thickness of skin necessary。 Should the surface of the model be concave in parts； as in the run of boats with square sterns for instance； the paper is made to conform to these surfaces by suitable convex moulds； which also hold the paper in place until； by drying； it has taken and will retain the desired form。 The model； with its enveloping coat of paper； is now removed to the dry…room。 As the paper skin dries； all wrinkles disappear； and it gradually assumes the desired shape。 Finally； when all moisture has been evaporated； it is taken from the mould an exact fac…simile of the model desired； exceedingly stiff； perfectly symmetrical； and seamless。
〃The paper is now subjected to the water…proof process； and the skin； with its keelson； inwales； and dead…woods attached； is then placed in the carpenter's hands； where the frame is completed in the usual manner； as described for wooden boats。 The paper decks being put on； it is then ready for the brass； iron； and varnish work。 As the skins of these boats （racing…shells） vary from one…sixteenth of an inch in the singles； to one…twelfth of an inch in the six…oared outriggers； the wooden frame becomes necessary to support and keep them in shape。 In applying this invention to gigs； dingys； canoes； and skiffs； a somewhat different method is adopted。 Since these boats are subjected to much hard service； and must be so constructed as to permit the occupant to move about in them as is usual in such craft； a light and strong frame of wood is prepared； composed of a suitable number of pairs of ribs； with stem and stern pieces cut from the natural crooks of hackmatack roots。 These are firmly framed to two gunwales and a keelson； extending the length of the boat； the whole forming the skeleton shape of the desired model。 The forms for these boats having been prepared； as already described for the racing…shells； and the frame being let into this form； so that the outer surface of the ribs； stem and stern pieces will conform with its outer surface； the paper skin is next laid upon it。 The skin； manufactured from new； unbleached linen stock； is carefully stretched in place； and when perfectly dry is from one…tenth to three…sixteenths of an inch thick。 Removed from the model； it is water…proofed； the frame and fittings completed； and the boat varnished。 In short； in this class of boats； the shape； style； and finish are precisely that of wooden ones； of corresponding dimensions and class； except that for the usual wooden sheathing is substituted the paper skin as described。
〃The advantages possessed by these boats over those of wood are：
〃By the use of this material for the skins of racing…shells； where experience has demonstrated the smooth bottom to be the best； under…water lines of any degree of fineness can be developed； which cannot successfully be produced in those of wood； even where the streaks are so reduced in thickness that strength； stiffness； and durability are either wholly sacrificed or greatly impaired。 In the finer varieties of 'dug…outs' equally fine lines can be obtained； but so delicate are such boats； if the sides are reduced to three…sixteenths of an inch or less in thickness； that it is found practically impossible to preserve their original forms for any length of time。 Hence； so far as this point is concerned； it only remains for the builder to select those models which science； guided by experience； points out as the best。
The paper skin； after being water…proofed； is finished with hard varnishes； and then presents a solid； perfectly smooth； and horny surface to the action of the water； unbroken by joint； lap； or seam。 This surface admits of being polished as smooth as a coach…panel or a mirror。 Unlike wood； it has no grain to be cracked or split； it never shrinks； and； paper being one of the best of non…conductors； no ordinary degree of heat or cold affects its shape or hardness； and hence these boats are admirably adapted for use in all climates。 As the skin absorbs no moisture； these boats gain no weight by use； and； having no moisture to give off when out of the water； they do not； like wooden boats； show the effect of exposure to the air by leaking。 They are； therefore； in this respect always prepared for service。
The strength and stiffness of the paper shells are most remarkable。 To demonstrate it； a single shell of twelve inch beam and twenty…eight feet long； fitted complete with its outriggers； the hull weighing twenty…two pounds； was placed on two trestles eight feet apart； in such a manner that the trestles were each the same distance from the centre of the cockpit； which was thus entirely unsupported。 A man weighing one hundred and forty pounds then seated himself in it； and remained in this position three minutes。 The deflection caused by this strain； being accurately measured； was found to be one…sixteenth of an inch at a point midway between the supports。 If this load； applied under such abnormal conditions； produced so little effect； we can safely assume that； when thus loaded and resting on the water； supported throughout her whole length； and the load far more equally distributed over the whole frame； there would be no deflection whatever。
〃Lightness； when combined with a proper； stiffness and strength； being a very desirable quality； it is here that the paper boats far excel their wooden rivals。 If two shells are selected； the one of wood and the other with a paper skin and deck； as has been described； of the same dimensions and equally stiff； careful experiment proves that the wooden one will be thirty per cent。 the heaviest。 If those of the same dimensions and equal weight are compared； the paper one will be found to exceed the wooden one in stiffness and in capacity to resist torsional strains in the same proportion。 Frequent boasts are made that wooden shells can be and are built much lighter than paper ones； and if the quality of lightness alone is considered； this is true； yet when the practical test of use is applied； such extremely light wooden boats have always proved； and will continue to prove； failures； as here this quality is only one of a number which combine to make the boat serviceable。 A wooden shell whose hull weighs twenty…two pounds； honest weight； is a very fragile； short…lived affair。 A paper shell of the same dimensions； and of the same weight； will last as long； and do as much work； as a wooden one whose hull turns the beam at thirty pounds。
〃An instance of their remarkable strength is shown in the following case。 In the summer of 1870； a single shell； while being rowed at full speed； with the current； on one of our principal rivers； was run into to the stone abutment of a bridge。 The bow struck squarely on to obstacle； and such was the momentum of the mass that the oarsman was thrown directly through the flaring bow of the cockpit into the river。 Witnesses of the accident who were familiar with wooden shells declared that the boat was ruined； but； after a careful examination； only the bow…tip was found to be twisted in a spiral form； and the washboard broken at the point by the oarsman as he passed between the sides。 Two dollars covered the cost of repair。 Had it been a wooden shell the shock would have crushed its stem and splintered the skin from the bow to the waist。〃
Old and cautious seamen tried to dissuade me from contracting with the Messrs。 Waters for the building of a stout paper canoe for my journey。 Harvard College had not adopted this 〃 newfangled notion〃 at that time； and Cornell had only begun to think of attempting to out…row other colleges at Saratoga by using paper boats。 The Centennial year of the independence of the United States； 1876； settled all doubts as to the value of the result of the years of toil of the inventors of the paper boat。 During the same year the incendiary completed his revengeful work by burning the paper…boat manufactory at Troy。 The loss was a heavy one； but a few weeks later these unflinching men were able to record the following victories achieved that single season by their boats。
The races won by the paper boats were：
The Intercollegiate Championship： Freshmen and University。
The International Championship at Saratoga： Singles； Doubles； and Fours。
The National Championship； N。 A。 of A。 0。： Singles； Doubles； and Fours。
The World's Championship at Centennial Exhibition： Singles； Doubles； and Fours。
The Professional Championship of the United States。
And every other important race of the season； besides receiving the highest honors at the Ce