a smaller history of greece- 第31部分

Even　in　Sparta　itself　the　conduct　of　Lysander　was　beginning　to　inspire　disgust　and　jealousy。　　Pausanias；　son　of　Plistoanax；　who　was　now　king　with　Agis；　as　well　as　the　new　Ephors　appointed　in　September；　B。C。　404；　disapproved　of　his　proceedings。　　The　Thebans　and　Corinthians　themselves　were　beginning　to　sympathise　with　Athens；　and　to　regard　the　Thirty　as　mere　instruments　for　supporting　the　Spartan　dominion；　whilst　Sparta　in　her　turn　looked　upon　them　as　the　tools　of　Lysander's　ambition。　　Many　of　the　Athenian　exiles　had　found　refuge　in　Boeotia：　　and　one　of　them　Thrasybulus；　with　the　aid　of　Ismenias　and　other　Theban　citizens；　starting　from　Thebes　at　the　head　of　a　small　band　of　exiles；　seized　the　fortress　of　Phyle　in　the　passes　of　Mount　Parnes　and　on　the　direct　road　to　Athens。　　The　Thirty　marched　out　to　attack　Thrasybulus；　at　the　head　of　the　Lacedaemonian　garrison　and　a　strong　Athenian　force。　　But　their　attack　was　repulsed　with　considerable　loss。

Shortly　afterwards　Thrasybulus　marched　from　Phyle　to　Piraeus　which　was　now　an　open　town；　and　seized　upon　it　without　opposition。　　When　the　whole　force　of　the　Thirty；　including　the　Lacedaemonians；　marched　on　the　following　day　to　attack　him；　he　retired　to　the　hill　of　Munychia；　the　citadel　of　Piraeus；　the　only　approach　to　which　was　by　a　steep　ascent。　　Here　he　drew　up　his　hoplites　in　files　of　ten　deep；　posting　behind　them　his　slingers　and　dartmen。　　He　exhorted　his　men　to　stand　patiently　till　the　enemy　came　within　reach　of　the　missiles。　　At　the　first　discharge　the　assailing　column　seemed　to　waver；　and　Thrasybulus；　taking　advantage　of　their　confusion；　charged　down　the　hill；　and　completely　routed　them；　killing　seventy；　among　whom　was　Critias　himself。　　The　loss　of　their　leader　had　thrown　the　majority　into　the　hands　of　the　party　formerly　led　by　Theramenes；　who　resolved　to　depose　the　Thirty　and　constitute　a　new　oligarchy　of　Ten。　　Some　of　the　Thirty　were　re…elected　into　this　body；　but　the　more　violent　colleagues　of　Critias　were　deposed　and　retired　for　safety　to　Eleusis。　　The　new　government　of　the　Ten　sent　to　Sparta　to　solicit　further　aid；　and　a　similar　application　was　made　at　the　same　time　from　the　section　of　the　Thirty　at　Eleusis。　　Their　request　was　complied　with；　and　Lysander　once　more　entered　Athens　at　the　head　of　a　Lacedaemonian　force。　　Fortunately；　however；　the　jealousy　of　the　Lacedaemonians　towards　Lysander　led　them　at　this　critical　juncture　to　supersede　him　in　the　command。　　King　Pausanias　was　appointed　to　conduct　an　army　into　Attica；　and　when　he　encamped　in　the　Academus　he　was　joined　by　Lysander　and　his　forces。　　It　was　known　at　Athens　that　the　views　of　Pausanias　were　unfavourable　to　the　proceedings　of　Lysander；　and　the　presence　of　the　Spartan　king　elicited　a　vehement　reaction　against　the　oligarchy；　which　fear　had　hitherto　suppressed。　　All　parties　sent　envoys　to　Sparta。　　The　Ephors　and　the　Lacedaemonian　Assembly　referred　the　question　to　a　committee　of　fifteen；　of　whom　Pausanias　was　one。　　The　decision　of　this　board　was：　　That　the　exiles　in　Piraeus　should　be　readmitted　to　Athens；　and　that　there　should　be　an　amnesty　for　all　that　had　passed；　except　as　regarded　the　Thirty　and　the　Ten。

When　these　terms　were　settled　and　sworn　to；　the　Peloponnesians　quitted　Attica；　and　Thrasybulus　and　the　exiles；　marching　in　solemn　procession　from　Piraeus　to　Athens；　ascended　to　the　Acropolis　and　offered　up　a　solemn　sacrifice　and　thanksgiving。　　An　assembly　of　the　people　was　then　held；　and　after　Thrasybulus　had　addressed　an　animated　reproof　to　the　oligarchical　party；　the　democracy　was　unanimously　restored。　　This　important　counter…　revolution　took　place　in　the　spring　of　403　B。C。　　The　archons；　the　senate　of　500；　the　public　assembly；　and　the　dicasteries　seem　to　have　been　reconstituted　in　the　same　form　as　before　the　capture　of　the　city。

Thus　was　terminated；　after　a　sway　of　eight　months；　the　despotism　of　the　Thirty。　　The　year　which　contained　their　rule　was　not　named　after　the　archon；　but　was　termed　〃the　year　of　anarchy。〃　　The　first　archon　drawn　after　their　fall　was　Euclides；　who　gave　his　name　to　a　year　ever　afterwards　memorable　among　the　Athenians。

For　the　next　few　years　the　only　memorable　event　in　the　history　of　Athens　is　the　death　of　Socrates。　　This　celebrated　philosopher　was　born　in　the　year　468　B。C。；　in　the　immediate　neighbourhood　of　Athens。　　His　father；　Sophroniscus；　was　a　sculptor；　and　Socrates　was　brought　up　to；　and　for　some　time　practised；　the　same　profession。　　He　was　married　to　Xanthippe；　by　whom　he　had　three　sons；　but　her　bad　temper　has　rendered　her　name　proverbial　for　a　conjugal　scold。　　His　physical　constitution　was　healthy；　robust；　and　wonderfully　enduring。　　Indifferent　alike　to　heat　and　cold　the　same　scanty　and　homely　clothing　sufficed　him　both　in　summer　and　winter；　and　even　in　the　campaign　of　Potidaea；　amidst　the　snows　of　a　Thracian　winter；　he　went　barefooted。　　But　though　thus　gifted　with　strength　of　body　and　of　mind；　he　was　far　from　being　endowed　with　personal　beauty。　　His　thick　lips；　flat　nose；　and　prominent　eyes；　gave　him　the　appearance　of　a　Silenus；　or　satyr。　　He　served　with　credit　as　an　hoplite　at　Potidaea　（B。C。　432）；　Delium　（B。C。　424）；　and　Amphipolis　（B。C。　422）；　but　it　was　not　till　late　in　life；　in　the　year　406　B。C。；　that　he　filled　any　political　office。　He　was　one　of　the　Prytanes　when；　after　the　battle　of　Arginusae；　Callixenus　submitted　his　proposition　respecting　the　six　generals　to　the　public　Assembly；　and　his　refusal　on　that　occasion　to　put　an　unconstitutional　question　to　the　vote　has　been　already　recorded。　　He　had　a　strong　persuasion　that　he　was　intrusted　with　a　divine　mission；　and　he　believed　himself　to　be　attended　by　a　daemon；　or　genius；　whose　admonitions　he　frequently　heard；　not；　however；　in　the　way　of　excitement；　but　of　restraint。　　He　never　WROTE　anything；　but　he　made　oral　instruction　the　great　business　of　his　life。　　Early　in　the　morning　he　frequented　the　public　walks；　the　gymnasia；　and　the　schools；　whence　he　adjourned　to　the　market…place　at　its　most　crowded　hours；　and　thus　spent　the　whole　day　in　conversing　with　young　and　old；　rich　and　poor；with　all　in　short　who　felt　any　desire　for　his　instructions。

That　a　reformer　and　destroyer；　like　Socrates；　of　ancient　prejudices　and　fallacies　which　passed　current　under　the　name　of　wisdom　should　have　raised　up　a　host　of　enemies　is　only　what　might　be　expected；　but　in　his　case　this　feeling　was　increased　by　the　manner　in　which　he　fulfilled　his　mission。　　The　oracle　of　Delphi；　in　response　to　a　question　put　by　his　friend　Chaerephon；　had　affirmed　that　no　man　was　wiser　than　Socrates。　　No　one　was　more　perplexed　at　this　declaration　than　Socrates　himself；　since　he　was　conscious　of　possessing　no　wisdom　at　all。　　However；　he　determined　to　test　the　accuracy　of　the　priestess；　for；　though　he　had　little　wisdom；　others　might　have　still　less。　　He　therefore　selected　an　eminent　politician　who　enjoyed　a　high　reputation　for　wisdom；　and　soon　elicited　by　his　scrutinising　method　of　cross…examination；　that　this　statesman's　reputed　wisdom　was　no　wisdom　at　all。　　But　of　this　he　could　not　convince　the　subject　of　his　examination；　whence　Socrates　concluded　that　he　was　wiser　than　this　politician；　inasmuch　as　he　was　conscious　of　his　own　ignorance；　and　therefore　exempt　from　the　error　of　believing　himself　wise　when　in　reality　he　was　not　so。　　The　same　experiment　was　tried　with　the　same　result　on　various　classes　of　men；　on　poets；　mechanics；　and　especially　on　the　rhetors　and　sophists；　the　chief　of　all　the　pretenders　to　wisdom。

The　first　indication　of　the　unpopularity　which　he　had　incurred　is　the　attack　made　upon　him　by　Aristophanes　in　the　'Clouds'　in　the　year　423　B。C。　　That　attack；　however；　seems　to　have　evaporated　with　the　laugh；　and　for　many　years　Socrates　continued　his　teaching　without　molestation。　　It　was　not　till　B。C。　399　that　the　indictment　was　preferred　against　him　which　cost　him　his　life。　　In　that　year；　Meletus；　a　leather…seller；　seconded　by　Anytus；　a　poet；　and　Lycon；　a　rhetor；　accused　him　of　impiety　in　not　worshipping　the　gods　of　the　city；　and　in　introducing　new　deities；　and　also　of　being　a　corrupter　of　youth。　　With　respect　to　the　latter　charge；　his　former　intimacy　with　Alcibiades　and　Critias　may　have；　weighed　against　him。　　Socrates　made　no　preparations　for　his　defence；　and　seems；　indeed；　not　to　have　desired　an　acquittal。　　But　although　he　addressed　the　dicasts　in　a　bold　uncompromising　tone；　he　was　condemned　only　by　a　small　majority　of　five　or　six　in　a　court　composed　of　between　five　and　six　hundred　dicasts。　　After　the　verdict　was　pronounced；　he　was　entitled；　according　to　the　practice　of　the　Athenian　courts；　to　make　some　counter…proposition　in　place　of　the　penalty　of　death；　which　the　accusers　had　demanded；　and　if　he　had　done　so　with　any　show　of　submission　it　is　probable　that　the　sentence　would　have　been　mitigated。　　But　his　tone　after　the　verdict　was　higher　than　before。　　Instead　of　a　fine；　he　asserted　that　he　ought　to　be　maintained　in　the　Prytaneum　at　the　public　expense；　as　a　public　benefactor。　　This　seems　to　have　enraged　the　dicasts　and　he　was　condemned　to　death。

It　happened　that　the　vessel　which　proceeded　to　Delos　on　the　annual　deputation　to　the　festival　had　sailed　the　day　before　his　condemnation；　and　during　its　absence　it　was　unlawful　to　put　any　one　to　death。　　Socrates　was　thus　kept　in　prison　during　thirty　days；　till　the　return　of　the　vessel。　　He　spent　the　interval　in　philosophical　conversations　with　his　friends。　　Crito；　one　of　these；　arranged　a　scheme　for　his　escape　by　bribing　the　gaoler；　but　Socrates；　as　might　be　expected　from　the　tone　of　his　defence；　resolutely　refused　to　save　his　life　by　a　breach　of　the　law。　　His　last　discourse；　on　the　day　of　his　death；　turned　on　the　immortality　of　the　soul。　　With　a　firm　and　cheerful　countenance　he　drank　the　cup　of　hemlock　amidst　his　sorrowing　and　weeping　friends。　　His　last　words　were　addressed　to　Crito：〃Crito；　we　owe　a　cock　to　AEsculapius；　discharge　the　debt；　and　by　no　means　omit　it。〃

Thus　perished　the　greatest　and　most　original　of　the　Grecian　philosophers；　whose　uninspired　wisdom　made　the　nearest　approach　to　the　divine　morality　of　the　Gospel。　　His　teaching　forms　an　epoch　in　the　history　of　philosophy。　　From　his　school　sprang　Plato；　the　founder　of　the　Academic　philosophy；　Euclides；　the　founder　of　the　Megaric　school；　Aristippus；　the　founder　of　the　Cyr